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Allum Bokhari

Allum Bokhari

Allum Bokhari is a correspondent at Breitbart. [1] [4]

B
(See below)
Usage
Writing systemLatin scriptEnglish alphabetISO basic Latin alphabet
TypeAlphabetic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[][][](Adapted variations)
Unicode value
Alphabetical position2Numerical value:2
History
Development
Time periodunknown to present
Descendants฿
SistersБВבּ ב ب ܒԲբ
Variations(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used withbvbh bp bmbf
Associated numbers2
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Early Life & Education

Bokhari was born to a Pakistani father and English/Slovene mother. Allum graduated from the University of Oxford in 2013 with a Bachelor of Arts in history and politics. [1]

Career

He began his career as a speechwriting intern at the Department for Education in Westminster from September 2011 to October 2011. He was later a research assistant at Stephen Williams LP starting in September 2013. [1]

In September 2014, he joined TechCrunch as a writer. Bohari officially joined Breitbart in May 2016. [1]

His writing focuses on technolgoy and politics.

[1]

====THE CONTENT BELOW WAS MERGED IN FROM [/lang_en/B]====

B or b (pronounced /biː/ BEE*]])[[1]](https://openlibrary.org/search?q=%22B%22%2C%20* [[CITE|1|https://openlibrary.org/search?q=%22B%22%2C%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%2C2nd%20ed*.*%2C%20Oxford)[2]letter Latin-script alphabet voiced bilabial stop es, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.

History

EgyptianPrPhoenicianbētGreekbetaEtruscanBRomanBRunicbeorc
UncialBInsularBBlackletterBAntiquaBModern RomanB

Old English was originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc ⟨ᛒ⟩, meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets' ⟨ 𐌁 ⟩ either directly or via Latin ⟨⟩.

The uncial ⟨⟩ and half-uncial ⟨⟩ introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' ⟨⟩. These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under King Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularised the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter ⟨ ⟩. Around 1300, letter case was increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-case B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century, Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Scandinavia continued to use forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italy from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.

The Roman ⟨B⟩ derived from the Greek capital beta ⟨Β⟩ via its Etruscan and Cumaean variants. The Greek letter was an adaptation of the Phoenician letter bēt ⟨𐤁⟩.[3] The Egyptian hieroglyph for the consonant /b/ had been an image of a foot and calf ⟨ ⟩,[4] but bēt (Phoenician for "house") was a modified form of a Proto-Sinaitic glyph ⟨ ⟩ probably adapted from the separate hieroglyph Pr ⟨ ⟩ meaning "house".[5][6] The Hebrew letter beth ⟨ב⟩ is a separate development of the Phoenician letter.[3]

By Byzantine times, the Greek letter ⟨Β⟩ came to be pronounced /v/,[3] so that it is known in modern Greek as víta (still written βήτα). The Cyrillic letter ve ⟨В⟩ represents the same sound, so a modified form known as be ⟨Б⟩ was developed to represent the Slavic languages' /b/.[3] (Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster ⟨μπ⟩, mp.)

Use in writing systems

English

In English, ⟨b⟩ denotes the voiced bilabial stop /b/, as in bib. In English, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in ⟨mb⟩, such as lamb and bomb, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter ⟨b⟩ added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The ⟨b⟩ in debt, doubt, subtle, and related words was added in the 16th century as an etymological spelling, intended to make the words more like their Latin originals (debitum, dubito, subtilis).

As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have ⟨b⟩ in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with ⟨bh⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨f⟩ or ⟨φ⟩ instead.[3] For example, compare the various cognates of the word brother. It is the seventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 1.5% in words.

Other languages

Many other languages besides English use ⟨b⟩ to represent a voiced bilabial stop.

In Estonian, Icelandic, and Chinese Pinyin, ⟨b⟩ does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless /p/ that contrasts with either a geminated /p:/ (in Estonian) or an aspirated /pʰ/ (in Pinyin, Danish and Icelandic) represented by ⟨p⟩. In Fijian ⟨b⟩ represents a prenasalised /mb/, whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive /ɓ/, in contrast to the digraph ⟨bh⟩ which represents /b/. Finnish uses ⟨b⟩ only in loanwords.

Phonetic transcription

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial stop phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, not necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may have greater aspiration, tenseness or duration).

Other uses

B is also a musical note. In English-speaking countries, it represents Si, the 12th note of a chromatic scale built on C. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, "B" is used to denote B-flat and the 12th note of the chromatic scale is denoted "H". Archaic forms of 'b', the b quadratum (square b, ♮) and b rotundum (round b, ♭) are used in musical notation as the symbols for natural and flat

In Contracted (grade 2) English braille, 'b' stands for "but" when in isolation.

In computer science, B is the symbol for byte, a unit of information storage.

In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level.

In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element.

The blood-type B emoji (🅱️) was added in Unicode 6.0 in 2010, and became a popular internet meme in 2018 where letters would be replaced with the emoji.[7]

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

  • 𐤁 : Semitic letter Bet, from which the following symbols originally derive

  • Β β : Greek letter Beta, from which B derives

  • Ⲃ ⲃ Coptic letter Bēta, which derives from Greek Beta

  • В в : Cyrillic letter Ve, which also derives from Beta

  • Б б : Cyrillic letter Be, which also derives from Beta

  • 𐌁 : Old Italic B, which derives from Greek Beta

  • ᛒ : Runic letter Berkanan, which probably derives from Old Italic B

  • 𐌱 : Gothic letter bercna, which derives from Greek Beta

  • IPA-specific symbols related to B: ɓ ʙ β

  • B with diacritics: Ƀ ƀ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ɓ ɓ ᵬ[8][9]

  • Ꞗ ꞗ : B with flourish

  • ᴃ ᴯ ᴮ ᵇ : Barred B and various modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[10]

  • Ƃ ƃ : B with topbar

Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols

  • ␢ : U+2422 ␢ BLANK SYMBOL

  • ฿ : Thai baht

  • ₿ : Bitcoin

  • ♭: The flat in music, mentioned above, still closely resembles lowercase b.

Computing codes

CharacterBb
Unicode nameLATIN CAPITAL LETTER BLATIN SMALL LETTER B
Encodingsdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode66U+004298U+0062
UTF-866429862
Numeric character referenceBBbb
EBCDICfamily194C213082
ASCII166429862

Other representations

References

[1]
Citation Linklinkedin.comAllum on LinkedIn.
Dec 15, 2015, 5:18 PM
[2]
Citation Linktechcrunch.comAllum wrote an article about the Gamergate controversyfor TechCrunch.
Dec 15, 2015, 5:18 PM
[3]
Citation Linkfacebook.comAllum Bokhari's primary Facebook page.
Dec 2, 2015, 4:44 AM
[4]
Citation Linktwitter.comAllum Bokhari on Twitter.
Dec 2, 2015, 4:45 AM
[5]
Citation Linkbreitbart.comAllum's articles on Breitbart.
Dec 2, 2015, 4:46 AM
[6]
Citation Linkreddit.comAllum Bokhari's AMA.
Jan 9, 2018, 4:26 PM
[7]
Citation Linkwww.youtube.comGoogle blacklist removes conservative content from search results | Allum Bokhari
Jul 19, 2019, 9:54 PM
[8]
Citation Linkwww.youtube.comHow the far-left took over Silicon Valley | Allum Bokhari
Jul 19, 2019, 9:54 PM
[9]
Citation Linkwww.youtube.comRepublicans must take action against Google | Allum Bokhari
Jul 19, 2019, 9:55 PM
[10]
Citation Linkwww.youtube.comAllum Bohkari: Silicon Valley competitors work together against Trump | Ezra Levant
Jul 19, 2019, 9:55 PM
[11]
Citation Linkeveripedia-storage.s3.amazonaws.com
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[12]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.org"B", Oxford English Dictionary,2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[13]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.org"B", Merriam-Webster's 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, 1993
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[14]
Citation Linken.wikisource.orgBaynes, T.S., ed. (1878), "B" , Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 173
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[15]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgSchumann-Antelme, Ruth; Rossini, Stéphane (1998), Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, English translation by Sterling Publishing (2002), pp. 22–23, ISBN 1-4027-0025-3
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[16]
Citation Linkportal.issn.orgGoldwasser, Orly (March–April 2010), "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs", Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. 36, Washington: Biblical Archaeology Society, ISSN 0098-9444
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[17]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgIt also resembles the hieroglyph for /h/ ⟨  ⟩ meaning "manor" or "reed shelter".
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[18]
Citation Linkknowyourmeme.com"B Button Emoji 🅱". Know Your Meme. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[19]
Citation Linkwww.unicode.orgConstable, Peter (30 September 2003). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF).
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM
[20]
Citation Linkwww.unicode.orgConstable, Peter (19 April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
Sep 29, 2019, 10:14 PM