Palmer Freeman Luckey (born September 19, 1992) is an American fascist and the founder of Anduril Industries, a defense technology company focused on autonomous drones and sensors for military applications. He is best known as the founder of Oculus VR and designer of the Oculus Rift, a high quality virtual reality head-mounted display that is widely credited with reviving the virtual reality industry.^[3] In 2017, Luckey departed Oculus and founded defense contractor Anduril Industries. Luckey ranks #22 on Forbes' 2016 list of America's richest entrepreneurs under 40.^[4]

Luckey was born and raised in Long Beach, California,^[1] with three younger sisters.^[5] His father worked at a car dealership.^[6]

As a child he was homeschooled by his mother, took sailing lessons,^[7] and had an intense interest in electronics and engineering.^[3][8] He took community college courses at Golden West College and Long Beach City College^[5] beginning at the age of 14 or 15, and started attending courses at California State University, Long Beach^[1] in 2010.^[6] He wrote and served as Online Editor for the university's student-run newspaper, Daily 49er.^[9]

During his childhood and teenage years, he experimented with a variety of complex electronics projects including railguns, Tesla coils, and lasers, with some of these projects resulting in serious injuries.^[1] He built a PC gaming "rig" worth tens of thousands of U.S. dollars^[8] with an elaborate six-monitor setup.^[10] His desire to immerse himself in computer-generated worlds led to an obsession with virtual reality (VR), a concept that had not received significant attention from the technology industry in over a decade.

In an effort to learn more about virtual reality technology, Luckey built an extensive private collection of over 50 different head-mounted displays, most of which were built in the 1990s.^{[1][6][8][11]} At the age of 16, he began building VR headsets of his own design. To fund these projects, he earned at least US$36,000 by fixing and reselling damaged iPhones^[1] and working part-time as a groundskeeper, youth sailing coach, and computer repair technician.^[5]

In 2009, he founded the ModRetro Forums with a friend, creating an online community for "portabilization", a hobby that revolves around turning old hardware devices such as game consoles and PCs into self-contained portable units mixing new and old technology.^[12]

He later attended California State University, Long Beach, where he majored in journalism and served as Online Editor of the Daily49er. During his time there, he also worked as a part-time engineer in the Mixed Reality Lab (MxR)^[13] at the Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) at the University of Southern California as part of a design team for cost-effective virtual reality.^[1]

Luckey was frustrated with the inadequacy of existing head-mounted displays in the market, which suffered from low contrast, high latency, low field-of-view, high cost, and extreme bulk and weight. In response, he started experimenting with his own designs in 2009. He completed his first prototype, called PR1, at age 17 in his parents' garage in 2010,^[6] which featured a 90-degree field of view, low latency, and built-in haptic feedback.

Luckey developed a series of prototypes exploring features like 3D stereoscopy, wireless, and extreme 270-degree field-of-view, while also decreasing size and weight of his systems. He shared regular updates on his progress on MTBS3D, a forum frequented by a small number of virtual reality enthusiasts.^[8] His 6th-generation unit was named the "Rift", intended to be sold as a do-it-yourself kit on Kickstarter crowdfunding Web site to fellow enthusiasts.^[8][14] He launched Oculus VR in April 2012 to facilitate the official launch of the Kickstarter campaign.^[6]

John Carmack of id Software, a notable game developer famous for his work on the Doom and Quake videogame series, requested a prototype headset from Luckey, who lent it to Carmack free of charge. Carmack used it to demonstrate a id Software's Doom 3: BFG Edition on the device at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012. With the resulting attention of thousands of people suddenly drawn to the Rift, Luckey dropped out of university to focus on it full-time.^[6]

Luckey also demonstrated the unit to Valve, and received a Kickstarter endorsement from Valve's managing director Gabe Newell, who said "It looks incredibly exciting. If anybody is going to tackle this set of hard problems, we think that Palmer is going to do it. We'd strongly encourage you to support this Kickstarter."^[3] When Luckey launched his Kickstarter campaign for the Oculus Rift, it contained endorsements from other prominent figures in the game industry, including Cliff Blezinski, David Helgason, and Mark Bolas.

During the Kickstarter campaign, Luckey demonstrated the Rift to gamers and the press at many gaming conventions, including PAX, Gamescom, and QuakeCon 2012.^[6]

The Kickstarter campaign was successful, raising US$2.4 million, or 974% of its original target.^[6] After raising more than one million dollars, Brendan Iribe was hired by Luckey in August of 2012 to be CEO of Oculus. As a result of their successful campaign Oculus VR expanded, taking on more employees and a larger office space, but Luckey described his day-to-day process as not having "changed all that much," remaining a "slow plod towards making this thing a reality."^[6] Luckey continued to work on all aspects of the business, saying, "I have my hands in everything, from product engineering to game development to marketing,"^[15] Later, he shifted his focus towards virtual reality input hardware, calling it his "pet project".^[16]

Oculus VR was acquired by Facebook in March 2014 for US$3 billion.^[17] Although Luckey's share was not made public, Forbes magazine estimated the founder's net worth to be $700 million in 2015.^[7]

Shortly after the acquisition, ZeniMax Media filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. The lawsuit contended that Luckey and Oculus used ZeniMax's "trade secrets, copyrighted computer code, and technical know-how relating to virtual reality technology", and sought financial damages for breach of contract, copyright infringement, and unfair competition.^[18][19] ZeniMax claimed it had invested "tens of millions of dollars in research and development" into VR technology, and that "Oculus and Luckey lacked the necessary expertise and technical know-how to create a viable virtual reality headset".^[18]

The jury trial completed on February 2, 2017. The jury found that Luckey had violated an NDA he had with ZeniMax, but awarded zero damages on this charge, judging the harm as De minimis.^[20][21] Though the jury also found that Oculus, Facebook, Palmer Luckey, Brendan Iribe, and John Carmack did not misappropriate or steal trade secrets and technology,^[20][21][22] they awarded a combined total of $500 million in damages for copyright infringement and false designation of origin, with Luckey responsible for $50 million of the total.

In June 2018, the judge overseeing the case dismissed all damages owed by Luckey and reduced the amount owed by other parties to $250 million.^[23]

In September 2016, it was reported that Luckey had donated $10,000 to Nimble America, a pro-Donald Trump group that ran a billboard campaign displaying 2016 presidential candidate Hillary Clinton with the caption "Too Big To Jail".^{[24][25][26][27]}

This caused a number of developers to temporarily cancel plans to support Oculus, including Scruta Games, which announced it would cancel Oculus's support in their games unless Luckey stepped down.^[28] Scruta Games then reversed itself and announced they would resume work on Oculus Touch support, announcing it had "failed to find any evidence backing up the Daily Beast's claim that Luckey paid for hate speech".^[29] The developers of Newton VR, Tomorrow Today Labs, said they would not support the Oculus touch as long as Luckey is employed by Oculus.^[28] Tomorrow Today Labs also reversed itself, with the company later announcing it would work with Oculus.^[30]

In March 2017, Palmer Luckey left Facebook, and stopped his involvement with Oculus VR.^[31] No explanation for the departure was given by either party.^[32][33] When asked about Luckey's departure in testimony before the United States Senate in April 2018, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg seemed to confirm that Luckey had been fired, but stated that "it was not because of a political view".^[34]

In November 2018, The Wall Street Journal obtained access to internal Facebook emails which suggested the matter was discussed at the highest levels of the company. Facebook executives, including Zuckerberg, reportedly pressured Luckey to publicly voice support for libertarian candidate Gary Johnson, despite his support for then Republican nominee Donald Trump.^[35]

After his firing, Luckey hired an employment lawyer, and together negotiated a payout of at least $100 million, arguing that the company had violated California law for allegedly pressuring the executive to voice support for Johnson and for punishing an employee for political activity.^[35][36][37]

Facebook's augmented and virtual-reality vice president Andrew Bosworth, who oversees the Oculus division, issued a series of tweets in November 2018 denying that Luckey had been fired for his conservative beliefs. Facebook likewise denied Luckey had been fired for supporting Trump, stating "We can say unequivocally that Palmer's departure was not due to his political views."^[38][39]

In June 2017, Luckey co-founded the defense technology company Anduril, along with former Palantir Technologies executives Matt Grimm, Trae Stephens and Brian Schimpf, and early Oculus hardware lead Joe Chen.^[40] (Anduril, like Palantir, is named after an object from J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy writings.) In March 2018, Anduril began a pilot program for the U.S. government to detect illegal immigrants attempting to enter Texas from Mexico; the program led to 55 attempted entrants being caught in its first 12 days in operation.^[40]

In 2014, Luckey was described as "the face of virtual reality in gaming"^[6] and a celebrity among virtual reality enthusiasts; however, he does not consider himself to be a celebrity.^[41] He has a casual appearance: he is frequently barefoot, and prefers sandals to shoes even at trade shows and events.^[7][8]

Luckey lives in a shared house with several others where they regularly play multiplayer videogames, and he typically wears casual clothes like shorts, T-shirts, Hawaiian shirts and sandals.^[42]

The character Keenan Feldspar, played by Haley Joel Osment, who appeared on several episodes of the HBO TV show Silicon Valley in 2017, was speculated by some to be based on Luckey.^[43] Like Luckey, Feldspar is a young entrepreneur who became rich after selling his virtual reality technology, and who tends to wear Hawaiian shirts.^[44]

In 2014, Luckey was the recipient of Smithsonian Magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Youth category.^[45]

In 2016, Luckey was awarded the Royal Photographic Society Progress medal and Honorary Fellowship, which is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense.^[46]

In September 2016, Luckey stated he is a libertarian who supported Libertarian Party politicians like Ron Paul and Gary Johnson in the past.^[47][48][49]

In September 2016, Luckey donated $10,000 to an organization called "Nimble America" with the stated purpose of "educating the community on our ideals of America First, Smart Trade, Legal Immigration, and Ethical Behavior."^[50] Luckey offered to match further contributions from /r/The_Donald users for 48 hours after the announcement.^[51] Luckey later issued an apology for any negative impact his actions had on public perception of Oculus, and stated that he acted independently, not as a representative of Oculus VR.^[52] The Wall Street Journal later reported that Luckey had been pressured into making this statement as a condition of employment.^[53]

Luckey has donated to the campaigns of dozens of Republican political candidates, mostly candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives but also including Texas Senator Ted Cruz. He has also donated to a large number of Republican- and conservative-affiliated organizations, including the National Republican Congressional Committee, the 2017 Presidential Inaugural Committee, Mike Pence's Great America Committee and many state Republican Party chapters.^[54]