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Nude photography

Nude photography

Nude photography is the creation of any photograph which contains an image of a nude or semi-nude person, or an image suggestive of nudity. Nude photography is undertaken for a variety of purposes, including educational uses, commercial applications and artistic creations. The exhibition or publication of nude photographs may be controversial, more so in some cultures or countries than in others, and especially if the subject is a minor.

Educational

Nude photographs may be used for scientific and educational purpose, such as ethnographic studies, human physiology or sex education. In this context, the emphasis of the photograph is not on the subject, or the beauty or eroticism of the image, but on the educational or demonstrative purpose for which the image was produced.

The nude image may be used for analysis or to accompany medical or other text books, scientific reports, articles or research papers.[1] They are essentially of an illustrative nature, and so nude photographs of this type are often labeled to show key features in a supporting context.

Commercial

Erotic

Since the first days of photography, the nude was a source of inspiration for those that adopted the new medium. Most of the early images were closely guarded or surreptitiously circulated as violations of the social norms of the time, since the photograph captures real nudity. Many cultures, while accepting nudity in art, shun actual nudity. For example, even an art gallery which exhibits nude paintings will typically not accept nudity in a visitor.[2] Alfred Cheney Johnston (1885–1971) was a professional American photographer who often photographed Ziegfeld Follies.[3] He also maintained his own highly successful commercial photo studio, producing magazine ads for a wide range of upscale retail commercial products—mostly men's and women's fashions—and also photographed several hundred artists and showgirls, including nude photographs of some. Most of his nude images (some named, mostly anonymous) were, in fact, showgirls from the Ziegfeld Follies, but such daring, unretouched full-frontal images would certainly not have been openly publishable in the 1920s–1930s, so it is speculated that these were either simply his own personal artistic work, and/or done at the behest of Flo Ziegfeld for the showman's personal enjoyment.

Glamour

Glamour photographs emphasize the subject, usually female, in a romantic and most attractive, sexually alluring manner. The subject may be fully clothed or semi-nude, but glamour photography stops short of intentionally sexually arousing the viewer and being pornographic. Before about the 1960s, glamour photography was commonly referred to as erotic photography.

Advertising

Nudity and sexually suggestive imagery is common in modern-day culture and widely used in advertising to help sell products. A feature of this form of advertising is that the imagery used typically has no connection to the product being advertised. The purpose of such imagery is to attract the attention of a potential customer or user. The imagery used may include nudity, actual or suggestive, and glamour photography.

Entertainment

Nude or semi-nude imagery is also widely used in entertainment, sometimes referred to as adult entertainment. This may be in the form of postcards, pin ups, and other formats.

Covers of mainstream magazines sometimes include images of nude or semi-nude subjects. In the early 1990s, Demi Moore posed for two covers of Vanity Fair: Demi's Birthday Suit and More Demi Moore. Some magazines, such as men's magazines, commonly feature nude or semi-nude images, and some magazines have created a reputation for their nude centrefolds.

Music album covers

Music album covers often incorporate photography, at times including nude or semi-nude images. Album covers that have incorporated nudity have included those of performers such as Jimi Hendrix (Electric Ladyland, 1968), John Lennon and Yoko Ono (Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins, 1968), Nirvana, Blind Faith (Blind Faith, 1969), Scorpions (Virgin Killer, 1976) and Jane's Addiction (Nothing's Shocking, 1988). The covers for Blind Faith and Virgin Killer were especially controversial because the nude images were of prepubescent girls, and were re-issued with alternative covers in some countries.

Fine art

The emphasis of fine arts is aesthetics and creativity; and any erotic interest, although often present, is secondary.[4] This distinguishes nude photography from both glamour photography and pornographic photography. The distinction between these is not always clear, and photographers tends to use their own judgment in characterizing their own work,[5][6][7] though viewers also have their judgement. The nude remains a controversial subject in all media, but more so with photography due to its inherent realism.[8] The male nude has been less common than the female, and more rarely exhibited.[9]

History

19th century

Early fine-art photographers in Western cultures, seeking to establish photography as a fine art medium, frequently chose women as the subjects for their nudes, in poses that accorded with traditional practice in other media. Before nude photography, art nudes usually used allusions to classical antiquity; gods and warriors, goddesses and nymphs. Poses, lighting, soft focus, vignetting and hand retouching were employed to create photographic images that were comparable to the other arts at that time.[8] Although 19th-century artists in other media often used photographs as substitutes for live models, the best of these photographs were also intended as works of art in their own right.[8]

Modern

After World War I, avant-garde photographers such as Brassaï, Man Ray, Hans Bellmer, André Kertész and Bill Brandt became more experimental in their portrayal of nudity, using reflective distortions and printing techniques to create abstractions or depicting real life rather than classical allusions. Alfred Stieglitz's photos of Georgia O'Keeffe are examples of some of the earliest nudes presented in an intimate and personal style rather than with dispassionate idealization. Edward Weston,[10] Imogen Cunningham,[11] Ruth Bernhard, Harry Callahan, Emmet Gowin and Edward Steichen continued this trend. Weston evolved a particularly American aesthetic, using a large format camera to capture images of nature and landscapes as well as nudes, establishing photography as a fine arts medium. In 1937 Weston became the first photographer to be awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship.[12] For a famous example of Weston's work see: Charis Wilson. Many fine art photographers have a variety of subjects in their work, the nude being one. Diane Arbus was attracted to unusual people in unusual settings, including a nudist camp. Lee Friedlander had more conventional subjects, one being Madonna as a young model.[13]

Contemporary

The distinction between fine art and glamour is often one of marketing, with fine art being sold through galleries or dealers in limited editions signed by the artist, and glamour photos being distributed through mass media. For some, the difference is in the gaze of the model; glamour models look into the camera, while art models do not.[14] Glamour and fashion photographers have aspired to fine art status in some of their work. One such photographer was Irving Penn, who progressed from Vogue magazine to photographing fashion models such as Kate Moss nude. Richard Avedon, Helmut Newton and Annie Leibovitz[15] have followed a similar path with portraits of the famous, many of them nude[16] or partially clothed.[17] In the post-modern era, where fame is often the subject of fine art,[18] Avedon's photo of Nastassja Kinski with a python, and Leibovitz's magazine covers of Demi Moore pregnant and in body paint have become iconic. The work of Joyce Tenneson has gone the other way, from fine art with a unique, soft-focus style showing women at all stages of life to portraiture of famous people and fashion photography.

Although nude photographers have largely worked within established forms that show bodies as sculptural abstractions, some, such as Robert Mapplethorpe, have created works that deliberately blur the boundaries between erotica and art.

Several photographers have become controversial because of their nude photographs of underage subjects.[19] David Hamilton often used erotic themes.[20][21][22] Sally Mann was raised in rural Virginia, in a locale where skinny-dipping in a river was common, so many of her most famous photographs are of her own children swimming in the nude.[23] Less well-known photographers have been charged as criminals for photos of their own children.[24]

Body image has become a topic explored by many photographers working with models whose bodies do not conform to conventional prejudices about beauty.[25]

See also

References

[1]
Citation Linkwww.creativeskillset.org"Scientific Photographer". Creative Skillset. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
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[2]
Citation Linkartrenewal.orgYoder, Brian K. "Nudity in Art: A Virtue or Vice?". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
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[3]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgHudovernik, Robert (2006). Jazz Age Beauties: The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston. New York: Universe Publishing/Rizzoli International Publications. p. 272.
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[4]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgClark, Kenneth (1956). "Chapter 1: The Naked and the Nude". The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01788-3.
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[5]
Citation Linkwww.krosenthal.comRosenthal, Karin. "About My Work". Retrieved December 11, 2012.
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[6]
Citation Linkwww.lavondyss.comSchiesser, Jody. "Silverbeauty - Artist Statement". Retrieved December 11, 2012.
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[7]
Citation Linkwww.marcusart.netMok, Marcus. "Artist's Statement". Retrieved December 11, 2012.
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[8]
Citation Linkwww.metmuseum.org"Naked before the Camera". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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[9]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgWeiermair, Peter; Nielander, Claus. Hidden File: Photographs of the Male Nude in the 19th and 20th Centuries. MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0262231379.
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[10]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgConger, Amy (2006). Edward Weston: The Form of Nude. Phaidon Press. ISBN 0714845736.
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[11]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgCunningham, Imogen; Lorenz, Richard (1998). Imogen Cunningham: On the Body. Bullfinch Press. ISBN 0821224387.
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[12]
Citation Linkccp.uair.arizona.edu"Edward Weston Photographs". Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona Libraries. Archived from the original on 2010-07-25. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
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[13]
Citation Linkwww.cnn.com"Nude photo of Madonna goes for $37,500". CNN. February 12, 2009.
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[14]
Citation Linkwww.photovisionmagazine.comConrad, Donna (2000), A Conversation with Ruth Bernhard, 1, PhotoVision
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[15]
Citation Linkwww.brooklynmuseum.org"Exhibitions: Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990–2005". The Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
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[16]
Citation Linkwww.theguardian.comJones, Jonathan (8 February 2006). "Not naked but nude". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
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[17]
Citation Linkwww.vanityfair.com"Miley Knows Best". Vanity Fair. 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
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[18]
Citation Linkwww.theguardian.comNeedham, Alex (22 February 2012). "Andy Warhol's legacy lives on in the factory of fame". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
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[19]
Citation Linkreason.com"Photo Flap". Reason. 1998. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
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[20]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgHamilton, David (1995). The Age of Innocence. Aurum Press. ISBN 1854103040.
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