Manifesto
Manifesto
A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government.[1][2][3][4] A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a new idea with prescriptive notions for carrying out changes the author believes should be made. It often is political or artistic in nature, but may present an individual's life stance. Manifestos relating to religious belief are generally referred to as creeds.
Etymology
It is derived from the Italian word manifesto, itself derived from the Latin manifestum, meaning clear or conspicuous. Its first recorded use in English is from 1620, in Nathaniel Brent's translation of Paolo Sarpi's History of the Council of Trent: "To this citation he made answer by a Manifesto" (p. 102). Similarly, "They were so farre surprised with his Manifesto, that they would never suffer it to be published*" (p. 103).[5]*
Educational manifestos
Educational manifestos are documents proposing a change or changes to a current education system.[6] They can be written by governing bodies, organizations, or individuals involved in education as parents, student, administrators, or other stakeholders.[7] The writer or writers are positioned as a minority group, with manifestos aimed at a majority group. Educational manifestos include personal or group beliefs about what is important or right in education, make statements about the current state of education, differentiate common terms in education, and make suggestions for changing current education systems.[8]
They can often include observations about society and whether or not students are prepared to participate fully in it when they are finished with mandatory schooling.[9] These observations can include a perceived misalignment between mandatory school and society, an unjust, unfair, or right aspect of education, or perceived lack of personalization in learning. Other topics that are frequently addressed in educational manifestos include curriculum, funding, personalization, class size, teacher burnout, and standardized testing, among others.[9]
These manifestos may offer a reflection or rethinking of some aspect of education or teaching and learning.[10] These may include personal stories, quotes, anecdotes, or experiences in the classroom or administration. The reflection or rethinking serves to illustrate how or why an aspect of an educational system requires change.[11] These reflections often remind readers of the importance of positive, consistent teacher-student relationships in a good education system.[9]
Educational manifestos call for reflection or ‘rethinking' on the part of the majority in education, offer a reason to hope for change, and make recommendations to put change into action.[10] Reasons for hope can include anecdotes from students, teachers, or parents, or a callback to what motivates teachers and students to teach and learn together. Manifestos written by individuals frequently conclude by sharing techniques, tactics, or philosophies that the writer has found helpful in their own teaching or administrative practice.[12] Those written by groups or organizations include recommendations for initiating or continuing change in appropriate areas.
Notable manifestos
Political
Examples of notable manifestos:
The Baghdad Manifesto (1011)
The Act of Abjuration (1581)
The United States Declaration of Independence (1776)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) during the French Revolution
The Haitian Declaration of Independence (1804) after the Haitian Revolution
The Cartagena Manifesto (1812), by Simón Bolívar
The Tamworth Manifesto issued in 1834 by Sir Robert Peel
The Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
The Communist Manifesto (1848), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Anarchist Manifesto (1850), by Anselme Bellegarrigue
The 1890 Manifesto dealing with plural marriage, issued by Wilford Woodruff as president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Second Manifesto (1904) dealing with plural marriage, issued by Joseph F. Smith as president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The October Manifesto (1905) issued by Nicholas II, in an effort to cease the 1905 Russian Revolution
The Manifesto of the Sixteen (1916)
The Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria, (1917) by Dr. Freydun Atturaya
The Liminar Manifesto in the Argentine University Revolution (1918)
The Amasya Circular (1919)
The Fascist Manifesto (1919), by Fasci di Combattimento
The Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals (1925), by Benedetto Croce
Mein Kampf (My Struggle) (1925), by Adolf Hitler
The Cannibal Manifesto (1928), by Oswald de Andrade
The Regina Manifesto (1933), by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
The Humanist Manifesto I, II and III (1933, 1973, 2003)
The Ventotene Manifesto (1941), by Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi encouraged a federation of European states, which was meant to keep the countries of Europe close, thus preventing war, it is widely seen as the birth of European federalism.
The PKWN manifesto (1944), by Polish Committee of National Liberation
The Oxford Manifesto (1947) describing the basic principles of Liberal International
The Objectives Resolution of Pakistan (1949), by Liaquat Ali Khan
"The Christian Manifesto" (1950), condemning Protestant missions in China and pledging allegiance to the People's Republic[13]
The Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955), against nuclear weapons and war
The Southern Manifesto (1956), opposing the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education
Report on the Construction of Situations (1957), by Guy Debord
The Manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian War (1960)
The Sharon Statement (1960), by M. Stanton Evans et al. (Young Americans for Freedom)
The Port Huron Statement (1962), by Tom Hayden et al.
The SCUM Manifesto (1968), by Valerie Solanas
The Black Manifesto (1969), by the Black Economic Development Council, including James Forman
The Manifesto of the 343 (1971), by Simone de Beauvoir in which 343 French women admitted to having a (then illegal) abortion
The Green Book (1975), by Muammar Gaddafi
For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973), by Murray Rothbard
New Libertarian Manifesto (1980), by Samuel Edward Konkin III
Guy Verhofstadt's Burgermanifests: I (1981); II (1991); III (1994); IV (2006)
The New Hope for Britain (1983), better known as "The longest suicide note in history", by the UK Labour Party
A Cyborg Manifesto (1985), by Donna Haraway
The Contract with America (1994), by the Republican candidates for the House of Representatives
Industrial Society and Its Future (1995), by Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber
My Awakening: A Path to Racial Understanding (1998) by David Duke
De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars (2002), by Pim Fortuyn
The Companion Species Manifesto (2003), by Donna Haraway
Manifesto on Freedom and Democracy for Vietnam (2006) by Bloc 8406
The Euston Manifesto (2006) by Euston Manifesto Group
Liberty and Tyranny: A Conservative Manifesto (2009) by Mark Levin
The Revolution: A Manifesto (2009) by Ron Paul
Mount Vernon Statement, (2010)
2083: European Declaration of Independence (2011) by Anders Behring Breivik
My Sick Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger (2014) by Elliot Rodger
The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto (2012) by Tavis Smiley and Cornel West
The Leap Manifesto (2015) by a "broad coalition of Canadian authors, artists, national leaders and activists"
The Last Rhodesian (2015) by Dylann Roof
The Great Replacement (2018) by Brenton Harrison Tarrant
Artistic
The Symbolist Manifesto (1886), by Jean Moreas
The Futurist Manifesto (1909), by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Du "Cubisme" (1912), by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger
The Art of Noises (1913), by Luigi Russolo
The Futurist Architecture Manifesto (1914), by Antonio Sant'Elia (the Manifesto of Futurism)
BLAST the Vorticist manifesto (1914), by Wyndham Lewis
Feminist Manifesto (1914), by Mina Loy
The Dada Manifesto (1918), by Tristan Tzara
The Dada Manifesto (1918), by Hugo Ball
The Surrealist Manifesto (1924), by André Breton
The Suprematist Manifesto (1924), by Kazimir Malevich[14]
The Free Cinema Manifesto (1956) by Lindsay Anderson Karel Reisz Tony Richardson Lorenza Mazzetti
The Abomunist Manifesto (1959) by Bob Kaufman
The Oulipo Manifesto (1960), by François Le Lionnais
Fluxus manifesto (1961) by George Maciunas
"The Revolutionary Theatre" (1965) by Amiri Baraka
The Romantic Manifesto (1969) by Ayn Rand
On the Art of the Cinema (1973) by Kim Jong-il[15]
Manifesto of Poetic Eggs, in "Empire of Dreams," (1998 in Spanish, 1994 in English) by Giannina Braschi
Dogma 95 (1995) by Lars von Trier, Thomas Vinterberg, Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen
Manifesto of Transdisciplinarity[16] (1996) by Basarab Nicolescu
Minnesota declaration:[17] truth and fact in documentary cinema*(1999), by Werner Herzog*
*First Things First 2000 manifesto:*Ethics and social responsibility in graphic design (1999), by Kalle Lasn & Chris Dixon with Ken Garland. Edited by Rick Poynor
The Neofuturistic City Manifesto[18] (2007), by Vito Di Bari[19]
The Versatilist manifesto (2007),[20] by Denis Mandarino
"Political Erotical Mystical Manifesto" (2011), by Kendell Geers[21]
Scientific and educational
The Manifesto for Teaching Online [42] (2016) Centre for Research in Digital Education [43] , University of Edinburgh
The Behaviorist Manifesto (1913) issued by John B. Watson in opposition to the introspection method in psychology[22]
Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969) written by Vine Deloria, Jr.
The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto[23] (2001)
The *ESOL Manifesto: a statement of our beliefs and values [44] * (2012) written by Action for ESOL in opposition to cuts in funding for English language education for migrants to the UK.
The History Manifesto (2014) written by Jo Guldi and David Armitage, published by Cambridge University Press
Professional
First Things First 1964 Manifesto Visual Communication and Design First Things First 1964 Manifesto By Ken Garland
First Things First 2000 Manifesto Visual Communication and Design (Revisited) First Things First 2000 Manifesto
Technology
The GNU Manifesto (1985), by Richard Stallman, an explanation and definition of the goals of the GNU Project
The Hacker's Manifesto (1986), by The Mentor aka Loyd Blankenship
The Debian Manifesto[24] (1993), by Ian Murdock
A Cypherpunk's Manifesto[25] (1993) by Eric Hughes
*Industrial Society and Its Future,*otherwise known as the Unabomber Manifesto (1995), by Ted Kaczynski
The Third Manifesto (1995), by Christopher J. Date and Hugh Darwen, a proposal for relational database management system
The Cluetrain Manifesto (1999) by Rick Levine, Christopher Locke, Doc Searls and David Weinberger
The Agile Manifesto (2001)
Pluginmanifesto (2001) by Ana Kronschnabl, a Web film statement
The Hacktivismo Declaration (2001) by Oxblood Ruffin (Hacktivismo)
The dotCommunist Manifesto[26] (2003), by Eben Moglen
The Mozilla Manifesto[27] (2007), by Mozilla community
The Guerilla Open Access Manifesto (2008) by Aaron Swartz[28]
Principles of Programming Languages[29] (2007), by Robert Harper
You Are Not A Gadget: A Manifesto (2010), by Jaron Lanier
The Hardware Hacker Manifesto[30] (2010), by Cody Brocious
The BINC Manifesto[31] (2015), by Lene Andersen and Steen Rasmussen
The Reactive Manifesto[32] (2014), by Jonas Bonér, Dave Farley, Roland Kuhn, and Martin Thompson
The Racket Manifesto[33] (2015), by Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Eli Barzilay, Jay McCarthy, Sam Tobin-Hochstadt
See also
Election promise
Government platform
Party line (politics)
Party platform