The Jat people (Hindi pronunciation: [dʒaːʈ]) are a traditionally agricultural community native to the Indian subcontinent, comprising what is today Northern India and Pakistan. Originally pastoralists in the lower Indus river-valley of Sindh,^[2][3] Jats migrated north into the Punjab region, Delhi, Rajputana, and the western Gangetic Plain in late medieval times.^[3][4] Primarily of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh faiths, they now live mostly in the Indian states of Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh.

Traditionally involved in peasant agriculture, the Jat community saw radical social changes in the 17th century, when the Hindu Jats took up arms against the Mughal Empire during the late 17th and early 18th century.^[5][6] The Hindu Jat kingdom reached its zenith under Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur (1707–1763).^[7] The Jat community of the Punjab region played an important role in the development of the martial Khalsa Panth of Sikhism; they are more commonly known as the Jat Sikhs.^[8] By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including Haryana, Punjab,^[9] Western Uttar Pradesh,^[10] Rajasthan,^[11] and Delhi.^[12]Ency]]Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status.^{[[13]](https://openlibrary.org/search?q=Sunil%20K.%20Khanna%20%282009%29.%20} [[CITE|13|https://openlibrary.org/search?q=Sunil%20K.%20Khanna%20%282009%29.%20*Fetal%2Ffatal%20knowledge%3A%20ne)

Jats are classified as Other Backward Class (OBC) in seven of India's thirty-six States and UTs, namely Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.^[14] However, only the Jats of Rajasthan – excluding those of Bharatpur district and Dholpur district – are entitled to reservation of central government jobs under the OBC reservation.^[15] In 2016, the Jats of Haryana organized massive protests demanding to be classified as OBC in order to obtain such affirmative action benefits.^[14]

The Jats are a paradigmatic example of community- and identity-formation in early modern Indian subcontinent.^[16] "Jat" is an elastic label applied to a wide-ranging, traditionally non-elite,^[1] community which had its origins in pastoralism in the lower Indus valley of Sindh.^[16] At the time of Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sind in the 8th century, Arab writers described agglomerations of Jats in the arid, the wet, and the mountainous regions of the conquered land.^[18] The Islamic rulers, though professing a theologically egalitarian religion, did not alter either the non-elite status of Jats or the discriminatory practices against them that had been put in place in the long period of Hindu rule in Sind.^[19] Between the eleventh and the sixteenth centuries, Jat herders migrated up along the river valleys,^[20] into the Punjab,^[16] which had not been cultivated in the first millennium.^[21] Many took up tilling in regions such as Western Punjab, where the sakia (water wheel) had been recently introduced.^[16][22] By early Mughal times, in the Punjab, the term "Jat" had become loosely synonymous with "peasant",^[23] and some Jats had come to own land and exert local influence.^[16]

According to historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot,^[24]

Over time the Jats became primarily Muslim in the western Punjab, Sikh in the eastern Punjab, and Hindu in the areas between Delhi Territory and Agra, with the divisions by faith reflecting the geographical strengths of these religions.^[24] During the decline of Mughal rule in the early 18th century, the Indian subcontinent's hinterland dwellers, many of whom were armed and nomadic, increasingly interacted with settled townspeople and agriculturists. Many new rulers of the 18th century came from such martial and nomadic backgrounds. The effect of this interaction on India's social organization lasted well into the colonial period. During much of this time, non-elite tillers and pastoralists, such as the Jats or Ahirs, were part of a social spectrum that blended only indistinctly into the elite landowning classes at one end, and the menial or ritually polluting classes at the other.^[25] During the heyday of Mughal rule, Jats had recognized rights. According to Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf:

As the Mughal empire now faltered, there were a series of rural rebellions in North India.^[27] Although these had sometimes been characterized as "peasant rebellions", others, such as Muzaffar Alam, have pointed out that small local landholders, or zemindars, often led these uprisings.^[27] The Sikh and Jat rebellions were led by such small local zemindars, who had close association and family connections with each other and with the peasants under them, and who were often armed.^[28]

These communities of rising peasant-warriors were not well-established Indian castes,^[29] but rather quite new, without fixed status categories, and with the ability to absorb older peasant castes, sundry warlords, and nomadic groups on the fringes of settled agriculture.^[28][30] The Mughal Empire, even at the zenith of its power, functioned by devolving authority and never had direct control over its rural grandees.^[28] It was these zemindars who gained most from these rebellions, increasing the land under their control.^[28] The triumphant even attained the ranks of minor princes, such as the Jat ruler Badan Singh of the princely state of Bharatpur.^[28]

The non-Sikh Jats came to predominate south and east of Delhi after 1710.^[31] According to historian Christopher Bayly

The Jats had moved into the Gangetic Plain in two large migrations, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries respectively.^[31] They were not a caste in the usual Hindu sense, for example, in which Bhumihars of the eastern Gangetic plain were; rather they were an umbrella group of peasant-warriors.^[31] According to Christopher Bayly:

By the mid-eighteenth century, the ruler of the recently established Jat kingdom of Bharatpur, Raja Surajmal, felt sanguine enough about durability to build a garden palace at nearby Dig (Deeg).^[32] Although, the palace, Gopal Bhavan, was named for Lord Krishna, its domes, arches, and garden were evocative of Mughal architecture, a reflection ultimately of how much these new rulers—aspiring dynasts all—were products of the Mughal epoch.^[32] In another nod to the Mughal legacy, in the 1750s, Surajmal removed his own Jat brethren from positions of power and replaced them with a contingent of Mughal revenue officials from Delhi who proceeded to implement the Mughal scheme of collecting land-rent.^[31]

According to historian, Eric Stokes,

Jat states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included Kuchesar ruled by the Dalal Jats and Gohad ruled by Rana Jats.^[35] A recent ruler of this state was Raja Mahendra Pratap (1886–1979), who was popularly known as Aryan Peshwa.^[36][37]

Jat rulers occupied and ruled from Gwalior Fort on several occasions:

Maharaja Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761 and it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774.^[44]

Patiala and Nabha were two important Sikh^[45][46] states in Punjab, ruled by the Jat-Sikh people.^[47] These states were formed with the military assistance of the sixth Sikh guru, known as Guru Har Gobind.^[45]

The rulers of Faridkot were Brar Jat Sikhs.^[48]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica

In 2012, the Hindustan Times reported that the Jat people in India were estimated to number around 82.5 million (8.25 crore).^[50]

Some specific clans of Jat people are classified as Other Backward Class in some states, examples of which are those in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi.^{[51][52][53][54]}

In the 20th century and more recently, Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana^[55] and Punjab.^[56] Some Jat people have become notable political leaders, including the sixth Prime Minister of India, Charan Singh.

Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation.

Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of North India. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.^[57]

A large number of the Jat Muslim people live in Pakistan and have dominant roles in public life in the Pakistani Punjab and Pakistan in general. Jat communities also exist in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, in Sindh, particularly the Indus delta and among Seraiki-speaking communities in southern Pakistani Punjab, the Kachhi region of Balochistan and the Dera Ismail Khan District of the North West Frontier Province.

In Pakistan also, Jat people have become notable political leaders, like Asif Ali Zardari and Hina Rabbani Khar.^[58]

A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment.^[59]

The Jat people were designated by officials of the British Raj as a "martial race", which meant that they were one of the groups whom the British favoured for recruitment to the British Indian Army.^[60][61] The Jats participated in both World War I and World War II, as a part of the British Indian Army.^[62] In the period subsequent to 1881, when the British reversed their prior anti-Sikh policies, it was necessary to profess Sikhism in order to be recruited to the army because the administration believed Hindus to be inferior for military purposes.^[63]

The current Pakistani Army Chief, Gen. Qamar Javed Bajwa, belongs to the Bajwa clan, a prominent Jat clan centered in and around the Sialkot region.^[64][65]

The Indian Army admitted in 2013 that the 150-strong Presidential Bodyguard comprises only people who are Hindu Jats, Jat Sikhs and Hindu Rajputs. Refuting claims of discrimination, it said that this was for "functional" reasons rather than selection based on caste or religion.^[66]

According to Khushwant Singh, the Jats' attitude never allowed themselves to be absorbed in the Brahminic fold.

Jats pray to their dead ancestors, a practice which is called Jathera. ^[68]

The Hindu varna system is unclear on Jat status within the caste system. Some sources state that Jats are regarded as Kshatriyas^[69] or "degraded Kshatriyas" who, as they did not observe Brahmanic rites and rituals, had fallen to the status of Shudra.^[70] Uma Chakravarti reports that the varna status of the Jats improved over time, with the Jats starting in the untouchable/chandala varna during the eighth century, changing to shudra status by the 11th century, and with some Jats striving for zamindar status after the Jat rebellion of the 17th century.^[71]

The Rajputs refused to accept Jat claims to Kshatriya status during the later years of the British Raj and this disagreement frequently resulted in violent incidents between the two communities.^[72] The claim at that time of Kshatriya status was being made by the Arya Samaj, which was popular in the Jat community. The Arya Samaj saw it as a means to counter the colonial belief that the Jats were not of Aryan descent but of Indo-Scythian origin.^[73]

The Jat people are subdivided into numerous clans, some of which overlap with other groups.^[74]