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Ja'fari jurisprudence

Ja'fari jurisprudence

Jaʿfari jurisprudence (Persian: فقه جعفری‎; also spelled Jafarite), Jaʿfari school or Jaʿfari fiqh, is the school of jurisprudence (fiqh) in Twelver Shia Islam, named after the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.[1] In Iran, Ja'fari jurisprudence is enshrined in the constitution.[2]

It differs from the predominant madhhabs of Sunni jurisprudence in its reliance on ijtihad, as well as on matters of inheritance, religious taxes, commerce, personal status, and the allowing of temporary marriage or mutʿa.[3] Since 1959, Jaʿfari jurisprudence has been afforded the status of “fifth school” along with the four Sunni schools by Azhar University.[4] In addition, it is one of the eight recognized madhhabs listed in the Amman Message of 2004 by the Jordanian monarch, and since endorsed by Sadiq al-Mahdi, former Prime Minister of Sudan.[5]

Branches

Usuli

This school of thought utilizes ijtihad by adopting reasoned argumentation in finding the laws of Islam. Usulis emphasize the role of Mujtahid who was capable of independently interpreting the sacred sources as an intermediary of the Hidden Imam as and thus serve as a guide to the community. This meant that legal interpretations were kept flexible to take account of changing conditions and the dynamics of the times.[6] This school of thought is predominant among most Shia.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini emphasized that Ja'fari jurisprudence is configured based on the recognition that epistemology is influenced by subjectivity. Accordingly, Ja'fari jurisprudence asserts Conventional Fiqh (objective) and Dynamic Fiqh (subjective). Through Dynamic Fiqh, discussed in the famous text by Javaher-al-Kalem (Arabic: جواهر الكلم‎), one must consider the concept of time, era, and age (Arabic: زمان) as well as the concept of place, location and venue (Arabic: مکان‎) since these dimensions of thought and reality affect the process of interpreting, understanding and extracting meaning from the commandments.[7]

Akhbari

This school of thought takes a restrictive approach to ijtihad. This school has almost died out now; very few followers are left. Some neo-Akhbaris have emerged in the Indian subcontinent, but they do not belong to the old Akhbari movement of Bahrain.[6]

See also

Bada

Twelvers, along with other Shia sects such as the Zaydis, reject predestination.[8][9]Islamic%20Beliefs%2C%20Practices]][10]%20p.%20239.]][[11]](https://openlibrary.org/search?q=%2C%20Rizvi%2C%20S.%20H.%20M.%3B%20Roy%2C%20Shibani%3B%20Dutta%20B.%20B.%20* [[CITE|11|https://openlibrary.org/search?q=%2C%20Rizvi%2C%20S.%20H.%20M.%3B%20Roy%2C%20Shibani%3B%20Dutta%20B.%20B.%20*Musl)Bada’, which states that God has not set a definite course for human history. Instead, God may alter the course of human history as is seen to be fit.

Nikah Mut'ah

Nikah mutʿah (Arabic: نكاح المتعة‎)," is a type of marriage used in Twelver Shia Islam, where the duration of the marriage and the dower must be specified and agreed upon in advance.[12][13] [14] It is a private contract made in a verbal or written format. A declaration of the intent to marry and an acceptance of the terms are required (as they are in nikah

Taqiyah

In Shia Islam, taqiya (تقیة taqiyyah/taqīyah) is a form of religious veil,[15] or a legal dispensation whereby a believing individual can deny his faith or commit otherwise illegal or blasphemous acts, specially while they are in fear or at risk of significant persecution.[16] Once source for this understanding comes from al-Kafi.[17]

This practice was emphasized in Shi'a Islam whereby adherents may conceal their religion when they are under threat, persecution, or compulsion.[18] Taqiyya was developed to protect Shi'as who were usually in minority and under pressure, and Shia Muslims as the persecuted minority have taken recourse to dissimulation from the time of the mihna (persecution) under Al-Ma'mun in the 9th century, while the politically dominant Sunnites rarely found it necessary to resort to dissimulation.[19]

See also

  • Outline of Islam

  • The four schools of Sunni jurisprudence Hanafi Hanbali Maliki Shafi'i

References

[1]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgJohn Corrigan, Frederick Denny, Martin S Jaffee, Carlos Eire (2011). Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions. Cambridge University Press. 978-0205026340.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Citation Linkijtihadnet.comhttp://ijtihadnet.com/book-islamic-law-according-jafari-school-jurisprudence-vol-2/
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[3]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgNasr, Vali (2006), The Shia Revival, Norton, p. 69
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[4]
Citation Linkwww.oxfordislamicstudies.comJafari: Shii Legal Thought and Jurisprudence
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[5]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgHassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, pg. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 9781405178488
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[6]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgThe Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics, 2003:487.
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Citation Linkwww.tebyan.netصحيفه نور
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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgRizvi, Sayyid Sa'id AkhtarNeed of Religion p. 14.
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[9]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFlorian Pohl, Florian. Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures, by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.
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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgGreer, Charles Douglas. Religions of Man p. 239.
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Citation Linkopenlibrary.org, Rizvi, S. H. M.; Roy, Shibani; Dutta B. B. Muslims p. 20.
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Citation Linkbooks.google.comBerg H. Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins, p 165 Brill 2003 ISBN 9004126023, 9789004126022. Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.
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Citation Linkbooks.google.comHughes T. A Dictionary of Islam p 424 Asian Educational Services 1 December 1995. Accessed 15 April 2014.
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Citation Linkbooks.google.comPohl, Florian. "Muslim world: modern muslim societies."p 50 Marshall Cavendish, 2010. ISBN 0761479279, 1780761479277 Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.
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[15]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgMomen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. pp. 39, 183. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
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[16]
Citation Linkwww.nyu.eduStewart, Devin. "Islam in Spain after the Reconquista". Teaching Materials. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
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[17]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgal-Kafi Volume 2. New York: The Islamic Seminary, Inc. January 2015. p. Chapter 93. ISBN 978-0-9914308-8-8.
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[18]
Citation Linkwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com"Taqiyah". Oxford Dictionary of Islam. John L. Esposito, Ed. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
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[19]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgVirani, Shafique N. (2009). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47f. ISBN 978-0-19-531173-0.
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[20]
Citation Linkarchive.orgThe Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics
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