Helsingør
Helsingør
Helsingør Elsinore | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
  Helsingør Location in Denmark | |
| Coordinates:56°02′10″N 12°36′30″E [22] | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Region | Capital (Hovedstaden) |
| Municipality | Helsingør |
| Established | 1420s |
| City charter | 17th century |
| Current municipality | 2007-01-01 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Benedikte Kiær |
| Area | |
| • Total | 121.61 km2(46.95 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2019) | |
| • Total | 47,346 |
| • Density | 390/km2(1,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 3000 |
| Area code(s) | (+45) 49 |
| Website | www.helsingorkommune.dk [23] |
Helsingør (/ˌhɛlsɪŋˈɜːr/ HEL-sing-UR,[1][2][3][4] Danish: [hɛlseŋˈøɐ̯ˀ]), (Swedish: Helsingör), classically known in English as Elsinore, is a city in eastern Denmark. Helsingør Municipality had a population of 62,686 on 1 January 2018.[5] The HH Ferry route connects Helsingør with Helsingborg in Sweden.
It is known for its castle Kronborg, which William Shakespeare presumably had in mind for his famous play Hamlet.[6]
Helsingør Elsinore | |
|---|---|
Coat of arms | |
Helsingør Location in Denmark | |
| Coordinates:56°02′10″N 12°36′30″E [22] | |
| Country | Denmark |
| Region | Capital (Hovedstaden) |
| Municipality | Helsingør |
| Established | 1420s |
| City charter | 17th century |
| Current municipality | 2007-01-01 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Benedikte Kiær |
| Area | |
| • Total | 121.61 km2(46.95 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2019) | |
| • Total | 47,346 |
| • Density | 390/km2(1,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 3000 |
| Area code(s) | (+45) 49 |
| Website | www.helsingorkommune.dk [23] |
History
Kronborg Castle
Helsingør port
An alley in Helsingør
The name Helsingør is derived from the word hals meaning "neck" or "narrow strait", referring to the narrowest point of the Øresund (Øre Sound) between what is now Helsingør and Helsingborg, Sweden. The people were mentioned as Helsinger (which may mean "the people of the strait") for the first time in King Valdemar the Victorious's Liber Census Daniæ from 1231 (not to be confused with the Helsings of Hälsingland in Sweden).[7] Placenames show that the Helsinger may have had their main fort at Helsingborg and a fortified landing place at Helsingør, to control the ferry route across the strait.
Helsingør as it is known today was founded in the 1420s by the Danish king Eric of Pomerania. He established the Sound Dues in 1429, meaning all foreign ships passing through the strait had to pay a toll, which constituted up to two-thirds of Denmark's state income. With this income Eric of Pomerania built the castle Krogen. The castle was expanded in the 1580s and renamed Kronborg. All ships had to stop in Helsingør to get their cargo taxed and pay a toll to the Danish Crown, but it also generated a significant trade for the town. In 1672 Helsingør had grown into the third biggest town in Denmark.[8]
Johan Isaksson Pontanus (Rerum Danicarum Historica, 1631) attributes a long and partially fictitious history to Helsingør.
The Sound Dues were abolished in 1857 with the Copenhagen Convention, where all naval nations agreed to pay a one-time fee.
The oldest known fortified building of Helsingør is Flynderborg, an early medieval fortress situated on a hill just south of the medieval city.
Around 1200, the first church, Saint Olaf's Church, was built.[9] A number of convents once surrounded the church, but now all that remains is the church building, today the cathedral of the Diocese of Helsingør. The oldest parts of the cathedral of Helsingør date back to the 13th century and tell us that the fishing village, as Helsingør was then, had grown to a town of importance.
In World War II, Helsingør was among the most important transport points for the rescue of Denmark's Jewish population during the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler had ordered that all Danish Jews were to be arrested and deported to the concentration camps on Rosh HaShanah, the Jewish New Year which fell on 2 October 1943. When Georg Ferdinand Duckwith, a Danish Nazi party maritime attaché received word of the order on 28 September 1943, he shared it with political and Jewish community leaders. Using the name Elsinore Sewing Club (Danish: Helsingør Syklub) as a cover for messages, the Danish population formed an underground railroad of sorts, moving Jews away from the closely watched Copenhagen docks to spots further away, especially Helsingør, just two miles across the Øresund from Helsingborg in neutral Sweden. Hundreds of civilians hid their fellow Danish citizens -- Jews -- in their houses, farm lofts and churches until they could board them onto Danish fishing boats, personal pleasure boats and ferry boats. Over the course of three nights, Danes had smuggled over 7,200 Jews and 680 non-Jews (gentile family members of Jews or political activists) across the Øresund, to safety in Helsingborg and Malmö in Sweden. [10]
Transport
The car ferry line between Helsingør and Helsingborg, Scania, Sweden is the busiest in the world with more than 70 departures in each direction every day.[11] The route is known as the HH Ferry route and has been sailed by several shipping lines throughout history. The car ferry terminal is connected to the town's main railway station. From the station, trains depart to Copenhagen every 20 minutes. Trains also depart to Hillerød and Gilleleje. There are another six stations or train stops within the city and connected suburbs. Apart from Helsingør Station and Ferry Terminal also Snekkersten station, Espergærde station, Mordrup station and the train stops at the line to Gilleleje, Grønnehave, Marienlyst and Højstrup. [12][13] The E47 motorway towards Copenhagen begins just outside the city limits. The town and surrounding areas also have a network of local and regional buses.[13][14]
Industrialisation
For a century the Helsingør Værft or Elsinore shipyard was a prominent landmark, which covered the whole area between the town and Kronborg Castle. It was founded in 1882. At its height in 1957, it had 3,600 employees. The last ship left the shipyard in 1983 and it closed the same year following substantial losses.
The Wiibroe brewery, founded in 1840, was the second brewery in Denmark to ship bottled beer, just three years after Carlsberg. The last beer was brewed at Wiibroe in Helsingør in 1998. Carlsberg continues to brew beer under the Wiibroe Årgangsøl[15] label.
Post-industrialisation
Culture Harbour Kronborg
Han by Elmgreen and Dragset
After the end of the industrial era, the town of Helsingør had to redefine itself, and came up with an ambitious project: Kulturhavn Kronborg, literally "Culture-harbour of Kronborg". It officially opened on 26 May 2013, intended to appeal to tourists with an interest in culture. The main attraction of Kulturhavn Kronborg is Kronborg Castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Besides the historical attractions of the site, William Shakespeare's play Hamlet has been performed annually in its courtyard since 1937. There is a longstanding tradition of performing the play in English, and notable actors in the title role have included Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Christopher Plummer, Derek Jacobi, and in 2009 Jude Law. At the heart of Kulturhavn Kronborg lies kulturværftet or The Culture Yard, a new cultural centre and a public library located in the old dockyard. It opened in 2010. The former dry dock now houses the Danish Maritime Museum.
In the centre of the harbour basin stands the polished steel sculpture Han (He) by artist duo Elmgreen and Dragset, commissioned by the City of Helsingør in 2012. It was inaugurated by then Minister of culture, Uffe Elbæk, in June 2012. It is seen as the counterpart (and even little brother) to Edvard Eriksen's world-famous The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen, and has caused both praise and protests among locals.
The Swedish city of Helsingborg lies a short distance across the Øresund from Helsingør, approximately 4 km (2 mi). European route E55 joins the two cities; ferries connect the two sides.
Architecture
Helsingør City Hall
The new Danish Maritime Museum was designed by Danish prize-winning architects Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG).
Jørn Utzon lived in Helsingør in his youth because his father was an engineer at Helsingør Værft. Utzon designed The Kingo Houses (1956–60) and The Hammershøj Care Centre (1962) in the city. The project was completed by Birger Schmidt (1966) after Utzon moved to Sydney to work on the Sydney Opera House.
Notable natives
Public thinking and politics
Christiern Pedersen (c.1480–1554) Danish canon, humanist scholar, writer, printer and publisher.
Johan Isaaksz Pontanus (1571–1639) Dutch historiographer.
Niels Claussøn Senning (c.1580–1617) Danish/Norwegian clergyman, Bishop of the Diocese of Oslo from 1608/1617
Robert Cleaver Chapman (1803–1902), known as the "apostle of Love", was a pastor, teacher and evangelist.
Morten Løkkegaard (born 1964) Danish politician and Member of the European Parliament.
The arts
Pieter Isaacsz (1569–1625), Danish-born Dutch Golden Age painter.
Bernhard Keil (1624–1687) Danish Baroque painter who became a pupil of Rembrandt.
Johan Frederik Møller, (1797–1871) Danish painter and photographer.
August Schiøtt (1823–1895) Danish portrait painter.
Vilhelm Melbye (1824–1882) Danish marine artist.
Peter Elfelt (1866 – 1931) Photographer and Cinema pioneer, first Danish film.
Alfred Lind (1879–1959) Danish cinematographer, screenwriter and film director of the silent era.
Ove Verner Hansen (1932–2016) Danish opera singer and actor.
Morten Rudå (born 1960) Norwegian actor.
Jan Grarup (born 1968) Danish photojournalist, specialises in war and conflict photography
Helle Fagralid (born 1976) Danish actress of Faroese descent.
Susanne Grinder (born 1981) Danish ballet dancer, joined the Royal Danish Ballet in 1998, becoming a principal dancer in 2012.
Public service
Jørgen Iversen Dyppel (1638–1683), the first governor of the Danish West Indies 1672/1680.
Christian Frederik Hansen (1788–1873), Danish military officer who served as Minister of Defence.
Christian Julius de Meza (1792–1865) was the commander of the Danish Army during the 1864 Second Schleswig War
Olivia Nielsen (1852–1910), Trade union activist [16]
Science
Ludvig Lorenz, 1896
Hans Christian Amberg (1749–1815) Danish lexicographer
Ludvig Lorenz (1829–1891), Danish physicist and mathematician, named the Lorenz gauge condition.
Gordon Norrie (1855–1941) Danish surgeon and ophthalmologist of Scottish parentage, named Norrie disease.
Wilhelm Johannsen (1857–1927) Danish botanist, plant physiologist, and geneticist, coined the terms phenotype and genotype
Steen Rasmussen (born 1955), artificial life scientist, coined the term "complex systems dogma".
Business
Jean Abraham Grill
Stephen Hansen (1701–1770) Danish industrialist, businessman and General War Commissioner.
Jean Abraham Grill (1736–1792), Swedish merchant, director of the Swedish East India Company.
Hartvig Marcus Frisch (1754–1816) was director of the Royal Greenland Trading Department 1781/1816.
William Fell (1815–18??) Merchant and member of the Society of California Pioneers. Fell Street in San Francisco named after him, List of San Francisco placename etymologies.
Sir Edward Knox (1819–1901) Danish-born Australian politician, sugar refiner and banker.
Simon Spies (1921–1984) Danish tycoon.
Mette Blomsterberg (born 1970) Danish pastry chef, restaurateur and cookbook writer
Sport
Mikkel Hansen, 2016
Fairfax Fenwick (1852–1920) New Zealand cricketer
August Sørensen (1896–1979) Danish track and field athlete, competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics
Flemming Vögg (1914–1991) Danish fencer, competed in the team foil event at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Jørn Steffensen (born 1944) Danish modern pentathlete, competed at the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympic Games
Tue Hellstem (born 1961) Danish modern pentathlete, competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Mads Vibe-Hastrup (born 1978) Danish professional golfer.
Mikkel Hansen (born 1987), handball player who won the IHF World Player of the Year 2011
Districts
Centrum
North: Grønnehave (Green Gardens), Højstrup and Marienlyst, Hellebæk, Højstrup, Ålsgårde and Hornbæk
West: Sundparken, Grøningen, Nøjsomheden and Vapnagård Gurre, Tikøb
South: Skotterup and Snekkersten and Espergærde
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Helsingør is twinned with:
[[INLINE_IMAGE|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x|Poland|h14|w23|thumbborder flagicon-img flagicon-img]] Gdańsk, Poland, since 1992[17]
[[INLINE_IMAGE|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x|Italy|h15|w23|thumbborder flagicon-img flagicon-img]] Sanremo, Italy
[[INLINE_IMAGE|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x|Sweden|h14|w23|thumbborder flagicon-img flagicon-img]] Helsingborg, Sweden
[[INLINE_IMAGE|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x|Norway|h15|w21|thumbborder flagicon-img flagicon-img]] Harstad, Norway
[[INLINE_IMAGE|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x|United States|h12|w23|thumbborder flagicon-img flagicon-img]] Lake Elsinore, California, United States
[[INLINE_IMAGE|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png|//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x|Estonia|h15|w23|thumbborder flagicon-img flagicon-img]] Pärnu, Estonia
In fiction and popular culture
William Shakespeare's play Hamlet (whence the English spelling "Elsinore" derives) takes place mostly at Kronborg Castle in Helsingør.
In the 1983 comedy Strange Brew, which is loosely based on Hamlet, the protagonists are given jobs at Elsinore Brewery.
In Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series, Helsingør fires mortar shells at the heroes in book seven, The Surgeon's Mate, as they sail past on their way to a rendezvous in the Baltic.
In the second chapter of Philip Roth's novel Our Gang (1971), Trick E. Dixon in a fictive speech tries to claim Helsingør as US-territory and tries to convince the audience to occupy the area
In Bret Easton Ellis's novel Lunar Park, the street on which the character Bret Easton Ellis lives, with his own haunting father-son issues, is called Helsingør Lane.
Several stories written by the Danish author Karen Blixen (or Isak Dinesen) take place in Helsingør, including "The Supper at Elsinore" in her first published volume of stories, Seven Gothic Tales.
A well-known poem by the Portuguese surrealist poet Mário Cesariny is named "You are welcome to Helsingør".
Children's author Richard Scarry depicted Helsingør as "A Castle in Denmark" in the book Busy, Busy World.
Indie-rock band The Essex Green recorded a song titled "Elsinore" for their 2006 album Cannibal Sea.
In David Brin's novel The Postman, the first chapter features an apparition that appears to protagonist Gordon Krantz. It is described as an "Elsinorian figure" and greets Gordon with "Alas, poor Gordon!", both allusions to Hamlet.
Surrealist artist René Magritte has a painting named after the city, depicting a castle, which might be modelled on Elsinore Castle.
See also
Elsinore municipality
Carmelite Priory, Helsingør
Hellebæk
Ålsgårde
Tourism in Denmark