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Belgrade's New Cemetery

Belgrade's New Cemetery

The New Cemetery (Serbian: Ново гробље, Novo groblje) is a cemetery complex in Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Ruzveltova street in Zvezdara municipality. The cemetery was built in 1886 as the third Christian cemetery in Belgrade and as the first architecturally and urbanistically planned cemetery in Serbia.[2]

In addition to graves of ordinary citizens, the cemetery complex also includes special sections: military graves from Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-1877), Serbo-Bulgarian War, Balkan Wars and World Wars, the Alley of the Greats and the Alley of Distinguished Citizens, where some of the most important persons in the history of Serbia are buried.

New Cemetery
Details
Established16 August 1886[1]
Location
Zvezdara, Belgrade
CountrySerbia
Coordinates44°48′34″N 20°29′14″E [46]
TypeChristian
Owned byCity of Belgrade
Size30 ha (74 acres)[1]
WebsiteGuide through the New Cemetery [47]
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Location

The cemetery is located along the Ruzveltova (official seat, at No. 50) and Mije Kovačevića streets, which divide it in two sections, left or western, which is in the municipality of Palilula and right or eastern, which is in the municipality of Zvezdara. Larger, eastern section is bordered by the streets of Mije Kovačevića on the north, Severni bulevar on the east and Svetog Nikole on the south. North of this section are the neighborhoods of Bogoslovija and Stara Karaburma, Zvezdara II is on the east, while Slavujev Venac and Bulbulder are on the south. Smaller, western section is marked by the streets Čarlija Čaplina (northeast) and Preradovićeva (southwest). It is situated next to the neighborhood of Hadžipopovac.[3][4]

History

Vladanovac

As the city expanded, Belgrade’s old cemetery at Tašmajdan became inadequate. One the one side, it became too small for the function of the city’s main graveyard. On the other, once projected to be on the outskirts of the city, as Belgrade grew, Tašmajdan practically became downtown and close to the Royal court. The first official initiative for the removal of the cemetery came in 1871 from Mihailo Jovanović, Metropolitan of Belgrade.[2] As the city was in the financial crisis at the time and wasn’t able to buy such a large lot for the new cemetery, mayor of Belgrade Vladan Đorđević donated a patch of his land to the city for the purpose of establishing a new cemetery. In the next decades, the area, including the graveyard itself was known as the Vladanovac, after the mayor, but gradually was replaced with the name New Cemetery.[5][6] Mayors Živko Karabiberović and Mijailo Bogićević also worked on the establishment of the cemetery. The cemetery was charted in the city plans in 1884 but the citizens originally disapproved the new location, as it was distant from downtown, so a horse-operated tram line was established, Terazije-New Cemetery.. The adaptation of the lot was finished on 16 August 1886 and tomorrow the first person was buried in the new cemetery, Dragutin Dimić, son of the cemetery gardener Veljko Dimić. The graveyard originally covered 2 ha (4.9 acres), but by 2017 grew to 30 ha (74 acres).[1] The reinterment of the remains from the Tašmajdan dragged on for the several decades, being finished only in 1927.

Interbellum

First memorial monument was built in 1907, when remains of the Serbian soldiers who died in wars against the Turks and Bulgarians in the 19th century were reinterred from the Tašmajdan. During the bombardment of Belgrade in the World War I, cemetery was damaged in 1915. In the Interbellum, seven military graveyards were also formed so as The Monument and Memorial Ossuary to the Defenders of Belgrade 1914-1918.[1][5]

Church of Saint Nicholas

The newly developed cemetery had no chapel or church, so by the endowment of Draginja and Stanojlo Petrović, a church dedicated to Saint Nicholas, projected by the architect Svetozar Ivačković was built in 1893. The iconostasis was painted by Stevan Todorović and his wide Poleksija. The frescoes are work of Andrea Domenico, on the draft by Petar Ranosović. The Petrović couple is buried in the church's crypt, with their 5-year old son Petar.[1][2][5]

For a long time, the church also served for the parochial services, until the Church of Saint Lazar was built in the neighborhood of Bulbulder. In that period weddings and baptisms were also performed in the church, while the public fairs were held in front of it. In 1931 Valery Vladimirovich Stashevsky projected Iverskaya chapel, a replica of the original chapel which existed in the Moscow Kremlin which the Bolsheviks demolished that same year (it was rebuilt in 1994-95).[1][2][5]

After 1945

Cemetery of Belgrade Liberators, for the soldiers who died in 1944, extension across the Ruzveltova street to the west, was built in 1954. In 1959, a memorial cemetery for all the fallen fighters of the World War II was built by the architects Bogdan Bogdanović and Svetislav Ličina. Ličina also projected the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in 1965. By the 1983 decision of the National Assembly of Serbia, the New Cemetery was declared as the cultural monument of great importance.[1][5] Since 2004 it is member of the Association of Significant Cemeteries of Europe and since 2018 of the European Cemeteries Route.[2]

Today

The first burials on the cemeteries that still exist today in the Belgrade's territory, were held in Zemun, at the end of the 18th century. However, the New Cemetery was the first which has been planned and projected specifically for this purpose, with all the infrastructure needed, so it is today considered to be the oldest of Belgrade's cemeteries. In 1886-2017 period, 340,000 people were buried.[1][5]

The complex

The entire complex consists of a group of military graveyards, and a Jewish cemetery, on the left side of the Ruzveltova, while part on the right side of the street consists of three architectural and memorial sections: Arcades, Alley of the Greats and Alley of Distinguished Citizens.[1]

Western portion

Military graveyards

The oldest memorial at Novo groblje complex is the Serbian soldiers' ossuary built in 1907 which contains remains of the soldiers of Serbian-Ottoman War and Serbo-Bulgarian War that were transferred from Tašmajdan cemetery.[7] Another important part of the complex are the military graveyards with the remains of soldiers from Balkan Wars and World Wars. It contains remains of Serbian and other Allied soldiers, as well as Axis soldiers (there are French,[7][8] Russian (including White émigrés after the October Revolution,[1][8] British (Commonwealth, from World War II),[1][9][10] Italian,[7] German, Austro-Hungarian[8] and Bulgarian[8] military graveyards).[11] The complex of military graveyards also includes graves of those died in the 1941 and 1944 Bombing of Belgrade.

Cemetery of Belgrade Liberators

Liberators of Belgrade memorial

Liberators of Belgrade memorial

Part of the Novo groblje complex, but on the other side of the street from the main part is the Cemetery of Belgrade Liberators (Гробље ослободилаца Београда / Groblje oslobodilaca Beograda).[11] It contains graves of 2,944 National Liberation Army soldiers and 961 Red Army soldiers and the mass grave of 1,381 National Liberation Army soldiers and 711 Red Army soldiers who died during the Belgrade Offensive.

The cemetery includes Liberators of Belgrade memorial with the relief by sculptor Rade Stanković and the Red Army soldier sculpture by Antun Augustinčić. In front of the memorial is the sculpture of a Partisan holding a gun by Rade Stanković.

There are two Jewish cemeteries within the complex, a Sephardic and an Ashkenazi ones. They are located on different sides of the street and are not connected with each other.

Sephardic cemetery

Next to the Cemetery of Liberators is the Jewish Sephardic cemetery with the remains of Jewish soldiers who died in the Balkan Wars and World War I, ossuary of Jewish refugees from Austria and the Memorial to the Holocaust victims and Jewish soldiers died in World War II by the architect Bogdan Bogdanović.[7] It is one of two Jewish cemeteries in Belgrade which is cared for by the Chevra kadisha commission.[12]

The original Sephardic cemetery was established in 1888, further down the Dalmatinska Street. In 1925 it was moved across the New Cemetery, on the lot owned by Đorđe Kurtović, a merchant from Šabac, who sold it to the Jewish community. Today it covers 12,748 m2 (137,220 sq ft) and has over 4,000 tombstones.[13] In July 2019, city decided to expand the cemetery as it became inadequate long time ago. The area of the cemetery will be enlarged more than a double, with additional 1.52 ha (3.8 acres).[12]

The cemetery is divided by the central pathway with an avenue of pines. Close to the entrance is the impressive monument to dead soldiers from the 1912-1919 wars, erected in 1927. Officially named "Monument to the fallen warriors for the salvation, freedom and unification of the homeland", it has inscribed 132 names of the Serbian Jewish soldiers. The monument combines Serbian (two headed eagle, fire-steels, lyrics by Njegoš), Jewish (Star of David) and military symbols (riffle, sabre, šajkača). In Jewish tradition, the pebbles have been placed next to the soldier's names.[12][13]

The stone-made Holocaust memorial which commemorates Jewish victims from 1941 to 1945 is at the end of the path. More specifically, it is dedicated to the 1941 execution of the Austrian Jews in the Zasavica bog in western Serbia. The access paths to the memorial are made from the remains of the Jewish houses demolished during the bombings of Belgrade and occupation in World War II. Though the monument was sculptured by Bogdanović in 1952 and it is not that old, its exact symbolism is unknown. There are three explanations: 1) two wings represent the Ashkenazi and the Sephardic Jews while the space between with the menorah symbolizes the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and road to freedom; 2) tablets with 10 commands; 3) hands on one wing represent the Kohen while the pitcher on another represents the Tribe of Levi. Within the memorial are the ossuary with 197 skeletons and the urn with the remains of Bogdanović, upon his wish even though he was not Jewish, which was approved by the Serbian Jewish community.[12][13]

Other monuments include the one above the joint tomb of the children died from the Spanish flu during the Interbellum and the sarcophagi-shaped memorial with the remains of 13 rabbis and teachers reinterred from the old cemetery in the Dalmatinska Street in 1928.[12] There is also a monument to the ill-fated 1939-1941 Kladovo transport. It was erected in 1959 on a design by Andrija Mešulam, after 800 bodies of the victims were collected and reinterred here. Other notable feature is the tomb of the Buli family (Bencion Buli, banker and politician; Hugo Buli, who brought football to Serbia. He is not buried in the tomb as he was killed in a gas van and thrown out of it on an unknown location). A Holocaust victim, Avram S. Lević (1869-1941), who saved and protected the Miroslav Gospel in World War I, is also buried here. There is also a genizah, a "grave for the books", built in 1928. The monument is ornamented with an open scroll of Torah and books made of stone.[12][13]

Ashkenazi cemetery

Across this cemetery, there is a smaller Ashekazi cemetery, adjacent to the New Cemetery itself. It is known for its sculptures, including the "Kiss of death" by Toma Rosandić, on the tomb of Jakov and Ruža Klopfer. The Ashkenazi cemetery, founded in 1876, is closed for further expansion as there is no room left.[12][13]

Eastern portion

Arcades

Though this section is today next to the wall, it was originally envisioned as a series of arches ("arcades"). In the end, arcades remained only as ornamental and architectural part of the outer wall of the cemetery. The section was built in 1926-1927, concurrently with the Alley of the Greats. It contains tombs of important public figures and wealthier citizens, as the lots in this section were not given to the commoners. Here are the graves of Milenko Vesnić (1863-1921), politician and diplomat, Nikola Pašić (1844-1926), politician, Janko Vukotić (1866-1927), general and politician, Sreten Stojanović (1898-1960), sculptor, Svetlana Velmar-Janković (1933-2014), writer.[1][2]

Alley of the Greats

Tomb of Jovan Cvijić at the Alley of the Greats

Tomb of Jovan Cvijić at the Alley of the Greats

Alley of the Greats (Serbian: Алеја великана / Aleja velikana) was created in the 19th century with move of the greats from the Tašmajdan Cemetery to the New Cemetery. As an architectural unit, it was formed in 1926-1927 as the first lot specifically designed for the nationally important people. It contains 25 tombs and 3 chapels with 113 buried people by 2017.[1] Some of the people buried at the Alley of the Greats are:

  • Kornelije Stanković (1831–1865), composer[14]

  • Ilija Milosavljević Kolarac (1789–1878), donator[15]

  • Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski (1829–90), poet[2]

  • Milan Kujundžić Aberdar (1842–93), philosopher and politician[2]

  • Velimir Mihailo Teodorović (1849–98), benefactor and out-of-wedlock son of Prince Mihailo Obrenović[2]

  • Dimitrije Tucović (1881-1914), socialist leader[1]

  • Petar Kočić (1877–1916), writer[16]

  • Radomir Putnik (1847-1917), fieldmarshal[1]

  • Živojin Mišić (1855-1921), fieldmarshal[1]

  • Kosta Hristić (1852–1927), diplomat and writer[17]

  • Jovan Cvijić (1865–1927), geographer[18]

  • Miloš Vasić (1859-1935), general and weapons constructor[1]

  • Branislav Nušić (1864-1938), comedy playwright[1]

  • Slobodan Jovanović (1869–1958), philosopher and politician[19]

  • Stevan Hristić (1885–1958), composer[20]

  • Milunka Savić (1892-1973), female soldier[2]

  • Vladimir Spužić (1893-1982), physician[2]

  • Ivan Spužić (1928-2003), physician[2]

  • Svetozar Gligorić (1923-2012), chess player[21]

Kolarac, Kaćanski and Kujudžić Aberdar were reinterred from the old Tašmajdan cemetery. Jovanović was exhumed from his London grave and reinterred in 2011. Savić was reinterred from her family tomb on the cemetery in 2013, while the remains of Tucović were moved from the Slavija Square in December 2016, during the square's reconstruction.[2] The three chapels belong to Teodorović, the family of Stevan Hristić and the Spužić family.[2]

Alley of Distinguished Citizens

Tomb of Zoran Đinđić at the Alley of Distinguished Citizens

Tomb of Zoran Đinđić at the Alley of Distinguished Citizens

The "Alley of Distinguished Citizens" (Serbian: Алеја заслужних грађана / Aleja zaslužnih građana) was created in 1965,[7] and it has since been used for the burials of distinguished and important citizens. Prior to the burial, a special procedure must be completed and approval from the City Assembly of Belgrade and Mayor of Belgrade must be granted. It contains single and group tombs of important writers, artists, actors, singers, generals, people's heroes and other important persons. It occupies the central part of the cemetery. By 2017, 716 people have been buried in this section.[1] Some of the people buried at the Alley of Distinguished Citizens are:[22]

  • Paja Jovanović (1859–1957), painter. The urn with his ashes was transferred here after his wife's death.[23]

  • Slobodan Jovanović (1869–1958), historian, lawyer, literary critic and politician[7]

  • Milo Milunović (1897–1967), painter[7]

  • Radivoj Korać (1938–1969), basketball player[24]

  • Bojan Stupica (1910–1970), theater and film director[25]

  • Petar Lubarda (1907–1974), painter[7][26]

  • Ivo Andrić (1892–1975), writer and Nobel Prize winner[27]

  • Miloš Crnjanski (1893–1977), poet, author, and a diplomat[28]

  • Ivan Tabaković (1898–1977), painter[7]

  • Ljubinka Bobić (1897–1978), actress[29]

  • Stojan Aralica (1883–1980), painter[30]

  • Meša Selimović (1910–1982), writer[7]

  • Dušan Radović (1922–1984), journalist and writer[31]

  • Branko Ćopić (1915–1984), writer[7]

  • Zoran Radmilović (1933–1985), actor[32]

  • Matija Vuković (1925–1985), sculptor[30]

  • Kosta Nađ (1911–1986), Yugoslav Partisan Army general[7]

  • Danilo Kiš (1935–1989), writer[33]

  • Oskar Davičo (1909—1989), writer[7]

  • Stjepan Bobek (1923–2010), footballer

  • Rrahman Morina (1943–1990), communist politician[30]

  • Miodrag Bulatović (1930–1991), writer[7]

  • Vasko Popa (1922–1991), poet[7]

  • Borislav Pekić (1930–1992), writer[7]

  • Jovan Rašković (1929–1992), psychiatrist and politician

  • Koča Popović (1908–1992), Partisan Army general, Chiefs of the General Staff of the Yugoslav People's Army, Foreign Minister, Vice President of Yugoslavia[7]

  • Miloš Žutić (1939-1993), actor[30]

  • Rahela Ferari (1911–1994), actress[7]

  • Mija Aleksić, (1923–1995), actor[34]

  • Milić od Mačve (1934–2000), painter[7]

  • Radmila Savićević (1926-2001), actress[7]

  • Zoran Đinđić (1952–2003), Prime Minister of Serbia[35]

  • Bata Paskaljević (1923–2004), actor[7]

  • Stevo Žigon (1926–2005), actor and director[7]

  • Ljuba Tadić (1929–2005), actor[36]

  • Žika Mitrović (1921–2005), movie director and screenwriter[7]

  • Nikola Ljubičić (1916–2005), General of the Army, Minister of Defence of Yugoslavia, President of Serbia[7]

  • Dragan Lukić (1928-2006), poet[7]

  • Nenad Bogdanović (1954–2007), Mayor of Belgrade[37]

  • Mira Alečković (1924–2008), poet[7]

  • Olja Ivanjicki (1931–2009), painter and sculptor[7]

  • Mladen Srbinović (1925—2009), painter[7]

  • Milorad Pavić (1929–2009), writer and literary historian[7]

  • Oskar Danon (1913–2009), composer and conductor[7]

  • Rade Marković (1921–2010), actor[7]

  • Momo Kapor (1937–2010), writer and painter[7]

  • Voki Kostić (1931–2010), composer[7]

  • Petar Kralj (1941–2011), actor[7]

  • Branislav Crnčević (1933–2011), writer and politician[7]

  • Olivera Marković (1925–2011), actress[7]

  • Milorad Bata Mihailović (1923–2011), painter[7]

  • Jelena Genčić (1936–2013), tennis and handball player and coach[30]

  • Ružica Sokić (1934–2013), actress[30]

  • Velimir Bata Živojinović (1933-2016), actor[2]

  • Dragan Nikolić (1943-2016), actor[2]

  • Nebojša Glogovac (1969–2018), actor[38]

  • Milena Dravić (1940-2018), actress[2]

  • Šaban Šaulić (1951-2019), singer

Family tombs

Important people from Serbian history, culture and science have been buried in their individual or family tombs. They include:

  • Ilija Čarapić (1792-1844), mayor of Belgrade[2]

  • Uzun-Mirko Apostolović (1782-1868), military commander[2]

  • Ilija Garašanin (1812–74), politician[2]

  • Đura Jakšić (1832–78), poet and painter[2]

  • Katarina Ivanović (1811–82), painter[2]

  • Jevrem Grujić (1826–95), politician[2]

  • Jovan Ristić (1831–99), politician[2]

  • Matija Ban (1818-1903), author and diplomat[2]

  • Nadežda Petrović (1873-1915), painter[2]

  • Andra Nikolić (1853-1918), academic and politician[2]

  • Pavle Jurišić Šturm (1848-1922), general[2]

  • Stevan Todorović (1832-1925), painter[2]

  • Poleksija Todorović (1848-1939), painter[2]

  • Petar Bojović (1858-1945), fieldmarshal[2]

  • Stanislav Vinaver (1891-1955), author[2]

  • Aleksandar Deroko (1894-1988), architect[2]

  • Vladeta Jerotić (1924-2018), psychiatrist[2]

Museum in the open

Among the headstones, there are 1,597 which are works of art by 130 Serbian sculptors, thus the cemetery is considered as the "museum in the open". Artists who contributed to this "museum" with their works include Ivan Meštrović, Đorđe Jovanović, Toma Rosandić, Sreten Stojanović, Petar Palavičini, Nebojša Mitrić, Risto Stijović, Živojin Lukić, Simeon Roksandić, Roman Verkhovskoy, Olga Jevrić, Giovanni Bertotto, Oto Logo, Petar Ubavkić, Lojze Dolinar, Stevan Bodnarov, Oscar Barbella and Nikola Janković.[1][5]

Some of the specific, important works include:[2]

  • A statue of the girl in the crinoline dress on the parcel of merchant and benefactor Joca Jovanović Šapčanin; work of Italian sculptor Achille Canessa.

  • The Muses of literature and painting on the family tomb of Matija Ban, his daughter Poleksija Todorović and her husband Stevan Todorović.

  • The oldest reliefs in the cemetery are done by Đorđe Jovanović for the tomb of Andra Nikolić. Some of the reliefs represent Nikolić's four younger children, who all died of diphtheria. A broken column was sculptured on the tomb itself, marking the death of Dušan, Nikolić's older son who survived through infancy but was killed in World War I, on the Suvobor mountain during the Battle of Kolubara in 1914.

References

[1]
Citation Linkwww.politika.rsBranka Vasiljević (30 September 2017), "Muzej pod otvorenim nebom", Politika (in Serbian), p. 15
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[2]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgBranka Vasiljević (12 November 2018). Прошлост у галерији под отвореним небом [History in the gallery under the open sky]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 14.
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[3]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgBeograd - plan i vodič. Geokarta. 1999. ISBN 86-459-0006-8.
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[4]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgBeograd - plan grada. M@gic M@p. 2006. ISBN 86-83501-53-1.
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[5]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDimitrije Bukvić (28 October 2012), "Obnova najstarijeg groblja u prestonici", Politika (in Serbian)
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[6]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDragan Perić (23 April 2017), "Šetnja pijacama i parkovima", Politika-Magazin No 1021 (in Serbian), pp. 28–29
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Citation Linkweb.archive.orgNEW CEMETERY Archived July 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Turistički vodič kroz Beograd
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Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rs"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2009-10-25.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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[9]
Citation Linkwww.cwgc.org"Casualty details—Clinton, Walter". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
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Citation Linkwww.cwgc.org"Casualty details—Jovanovic, Ratko G." Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
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[11]
Citation Linkwww.vreme.comVOJNIČKA GROBLJA > Oltari sebičnih otadžbina, Vreme, 22 April 2004 (retrieved: 22 October 2009) (in Serbian)
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[12]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDaliborka Mučibabić, Branka Vasiljević (11 July 2019). Јеврејско гробље проширују за хектар и по [Jewish cemetery is being expanded by one and a half hectare]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 14.
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[13]
Citation Linkwww.politika.rsBranka Vasiljević (3 June 2018). "Spomenik istorije i kulture pod otvorenim nebom" [Cultural monument in open air]. Politika (in Serbian).
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[14]
Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rsNovo groblje official site: Kornelije Stanković
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[15]
Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rsNovo groblje official site: Ilija Kolarac Milosavljević
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[16]
Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rsNovo groblje official site: Petar Kočić
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[17]
Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rsNovo groblje official site: Kosta Hristić
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[18]
Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rsNovo groblje official site: Jovan Cvijić
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[19]
Citation Linkwww.novosti.rs"Slobodan Jovanović konačno počiva u Srbiji". www.novosti.rs.
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[20]
Citation Linkwww.beogradskagroblja.rsNovo groblje official site: Stevan Hristić
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