1629–31 Italian plague
1629–31 Italian plague
The Italian Plague of 1629–1631 was a series of outbreaks of bubonic plague which ravaged northern and central Italy. This epidemic, often referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, claimed possibly one million lives, or about 25% of the population.[1] This episode is considered one of the later outbreaks of the centuries-long pandemic of bubonic plague which began with the Black Death.
Outbreaks
In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's major commercial center. Although the city initiated effective public health measures, including quarantine and limiting the access of German soldiers and trade goods, the plague smoldered. A major outbreak in March 1630 was due to relaxed health measures during the carnival season. This was followed by a second wave in the spring and summer of 1631. Overall, Milan suffered approximately 60,000 fatalities out of a total population of 130,000.
East of Lombardy, the Republic of Venice was infected in 1630–31. The city of Venice was severely hit, with recorded casualties of 46,000 people out of a population of 140,000. Some historians believe the drastic loss of life, and its impact on commerce, ultimately resulted in the downfall of Venice as a major commercial and political power. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.
Population before the plague and death toll, selected cities:[1]
City | Population in 1630 | Death estimates by 1631 | Percentage of population lost |
---|---|---|---|
Verona | 54,000 | 33,000 | 61% |
Milan | 130,000 | 60,000 | 46% |
Venice | 140,000 | 46,000 | 33% |
Bologna | 62.000 | 15.000 | 24% |
Florence | 76,000 | 9,000 | 12% |
A 2019 study found that the plague of 1629–1631 led to lower growth in several cities affected by the plague and "caused long‐lasting damage to the size of Italian urban populations and to urbanization rates. These findings support the hypothesis that seventeenth‐century plagues played a fundamental role in triggering the process of relative decline of the Italian economies."[3]
Literature
The 1630 plague in Milan is the backdrop for several chapters of Alessandro Manzoni's 1840 novel The Betrothed (Italian: I promessi sposi). Although a work of fiction, Manzoni's description of the conditions and events in plague-ravaged Milan are completely historical and extensively documented from primary sources researched by the author.
An expunged section of the book, describing the historical trial and execution of three alleged "plague-spreaders", was later published in a pamphlet entitled Storia della colonna infame (History of the pillar of infamy).
See also
List of epidemics
Santa Maria della Salute, a church in Venice built as a votive offering for the city's deliverance from the plague
Lazzaretto Vecchio, small island in the Venetian lagoon used as a cemetery for plague victims