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Eroticism

Eroticism

Eroticism (from the Greek ἔρως, eros—"desire") is a quality that causes sexual feelings,[1] as well as a philosophical contemplation concerning the aesthetics of sexual desire, sensuality, and romantic love. That quality may be found in any form of artwork, including painting, sculpture, photography, drama, film, music, or literature. It may also be found in advertising. The term may also refer to a state of sexual arousal[1] or anticipation of such – an insistent sexual impulse, desire, or pattern of thoughts.

As French novelist Honoré de Balzac stated, eroticism is dependent not just upon an individual's sexual morality, but also the culture and time in which an individual resides.[2][3][4]

Definitions

Because the nature of what is erotic is fluid,[5] early definitions of the term attempted to conceive eroticism as some form of sensual or romantic love or as the human sex drive (libido); for example, the Encyclopédie of 1755 states that the erotic "is an epithet which is applied to everything with a connection to the love of the sexes; one employs it particularly to characterize...a dissoluteness, an excess".[6]

Because eroticism is wholly dependent on the viewer's culture and personal tastes pertaining to what, exactly, defines the erotic,[7][8] critics have often confused eroticism with pornography, with the anti-pornography activist Andrea Dworkin saying, "Erotica is simply high-class pornography; better produced, better conceived, better executed, better packaged, designed for a better class of consumer."[9] This confusion, as Lynn Hunt writes, "demonstrate the difficulty of drawing… a clear generic demarcation between the erotic and the pornographic": indeed arguably "the history of the separation of pornography from eroticism… remains to be written".[10][35]

Biological evolution

Whereas traditionally eroticism has been dealt with in relation to culture and its pornographic outcomes, current evolutionary psychology shows how eroticism has shaped the evolution of human nature.[11]

Psychoanalytical approach

For a psychoanalytical definition, as early as Sigmund Freud[12] psychotherapists have turned to the ancient Greek philosophy's "overturning of mythology" as a definition to understanding of the heightened aesthetic.[13] For Plato, Eros takes an almost transcendent manifestation when the subject seeks to go beyond itself and form a communion with the objectival other: "the true order of going...to the things of love, is to use the beauties of earth as steps...to all fair forms, and from fair forms to fair actions, and from fair actions to fair notions, until from fair notions he arrives at the notion of absolute beauty".[14]

French philosophy

Modern French conceptions of eroticism can be traced to Age of Enlightenment,[15] when "in the eighteenth century, dictionaries defined the erotic as that which concerned love...eroticism was the intrusion into the public sphere of something that was at base private".[10] This theme of intrusion or transgression was taken up in the twentieth century by the French philosopher Georges Bataille, who argued that eroticism performs a function of dissolving boundaries between human subjectivity and humanity, a transgression that dissolves the rational world but is always temporary,[17] as well as that, "Desire in eroticism is the desire that triumphs over the taboo. It presupposes man in conflict with himself".[18] For Bataille, as well as many French theorists, "Eroticism, unlike simple sexual activity, is a psychological quest...eroticism is assenting to life even in death".[19]

Non-heterosexual

Queer theory and LGBT studies consider the concept from a non-heterosexual perspective, viewing psychoanalytical and modernist views of eroticism as both archaic[20] and heterosexist,[21] written primarily by and for a "handful of elite, heterosexual, bourgeois men"[22] who "mistook their own repressed sexual proclivities"[23] as the norm.[24]

Theorists like Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,[25] Gayle S. Rubin[25] and Marilyn Frye[25] all write extensively about eroticism from a heterosexual, lesbian and separatist point of view, respectively, seeing eroticism as both a political force[28] and cultural critique[29] for marginalized groups, or as Mario Vargas Llosa summarized: "Eroticism has its own moral justification because it says that pleasure is enough for me; it is a statement of the individual's sovereignty".[30]

Audre Lorde, a Caribbean-American writer and out-spoken feminist talks of the erotic being a type of power being specific to females. "There are many kinds of power [...] The erotic is a resource within each of us that lies in a deeply female and spiritual plane, firmly rooted in the power of our unexpressed or unrecognized feelings".[31]Siste]]In "The Uses of the Erotic" within Sister Outsider iscusses how erotic comes from sharing, but if we suppress the erotic rather than recognize its presence, it takes on a different form. Rather than enjoying and sharing with one another, it is objectifying, which she says translates into abuse as we attempt to hide and suppress our experiences.[32]

See also

  • Eros

  • Erotic art

  • Erotica

  • Erotic humiliation

  • History of erotic depictions

  • Homoeroticism

  • Limit-experience

  • Pin-up girl

  • Romance

  • Erogenous Zone

References

[1]
Citation Linkwww.merriam-webster.com"Eroticism". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[2]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgBalzac, "The Physiology of Marriage" (1826), trans. Sharon Marcus (1997), Aphorism XXVI, 65
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[3]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgGrande, L., "Laws and Attitudes towards Homosexuality from Antiquity to the Modern Era", Ponte 43:4-5 (1987), pp. 122-129
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[4]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgGauthier, Albert, "La sodomie dans le droit canonique medieval" in L'Erotisme au Moyen Age: Etudes presentees au IIe Colloque de l'Institut d'Etudes Medievales, 3-4 Avril 1976, ed. Roy, Bruno (Montreal: Ed. Aurore, 1977), pp. 109-122
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[5]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgEvans, David T., Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1993)
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[6]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgEncyclopédie (1755), quoted in Lynn Hunt ed., Eroticism and the Body Politic (London 1991) p. 90
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[7]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFoster. Jeannette H., Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey 2nd ed., (New York: Vantage Press, 1956) (repr. Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975)
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[8]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgWeinberg, M., & A. Bell, Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography, (New York: 1972)
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[9]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDworkin, Andrea (1981). Pornography: Men Possessing Women. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-399-12619-2.
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[10]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgHunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 4
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[11]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgMiller, Geoffrey (2001). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Vintage.
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[12]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDollmore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Ausgutine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991)
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[13]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgHunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 13
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[14]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.org"The Symposium", in Benjamin Jowett trans, The Essential Plato (1999) p. 746
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[15]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgCoward, D.A., "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies 10, pp. 236 ff.
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[17]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgL'érotisme, by Georges Bataille, Paris (1957: UK publication 1962) ISBN 978-2-7073-0253-3
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[18]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgGeorge Bataille, Eroticism (Penguin 2001) p. 256
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[19]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgBataille, Eroticism p. 11
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[20]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgMorton, Donald, ed., The Material Queer: A LesBiGay Cultural Studies Reader, (Boulder CO: Westview, 1996)
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM
[21]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgCohen, Ed, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1999)
Oct 1, 2019, 5:55 AM