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References
[1]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgThe polite form Dà Táng (大唐 "Great Tang") was often used, e.g. in the names of books of the period. Wilkinson 2013, p. 6.
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[2]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDuring the rule of the Tang the world population grew from about 190 million to approximately 240 million, a difference of 50 million. See also medieval demography.
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[3]
Citation Linkwww.fordham.eduFordham University (2000) offers Friedrich Hirth's (1885) translated passage from the Old Book of Tang: "The emperor Yang-ti of the Sui dynasty [605–617 C.E.] always wished to open intercourse with Fu-lin, but did not succeed. In the 17th year of the period Cheng-kuan [643 C.E.], the king of Fu-lin Po-to-li [Constans II Pogonatus, Emperor 641–668 C.E.] sent an embassy offering red glass, lu-chin-ching [green gold gems], and other articles. T'ai-tsung [the then ruling emperor] favored them with a message under his imperial seal and graciously granted presents of silk. Since the Ta-shih [the Arabs] had conquered these countries they sent their commander-in-chief, Mo-i [Mo'awiya], to besiege their capital city; by means of an agreement they obtained friendly relations, and asked to be allowed to pay every year tribute of gold and silk; in the sequel they became subject to Ta-shih. In the second year of the period Ch'ien-feng [667 C.E.] they sent an embassy offering Ti-yeh-ka. In the first year of the period Ta-tsu [701 C.E.] they again sent an embassy to our court. In the first month of the seventh year of the period K'ai-yuan [719 C.E.] their lord sent the ta-shou-ling [an officer of high rank] of T'u-huo-lo [Khazarstan] to offer lions and ling-yang[antelopes], two of each. A few months after, he further sent ta-te-seng ["priests of great virtue"] to our court with tribute."
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[4]
Citation Linkwenku.baidu.com宋岩 [Song Yan] (1994). 中国历史上几个朝代的疆域面积估算 [Estimation of Territory Areas of Several Dynasties in Chinese History] (in Chinese). 中国社会科学院. p. 150.
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[5]
Citation Linkportal.issn.orgTurchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X.
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[6]
Citation Link//www.jstor.org/stable/2600793Taagepera, Rein (1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. p. 492.
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[7]
Citation Linkmongoltoli.mnB.Batsüren. "Түрэг улс" ["Turk State"]. Монголын түүх.
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[8]
Citation Linkwww.dictionary.com"Tang". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
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[10]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgLewis, Mark Edward (2012), China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03306-1, p. 1.
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[11]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgEbrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0, p. 91.
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[12]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgEbrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-66991-7, pp. 111, 141.
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[13]
Citation Linkportal.issn.orgDu, Wenyu (1998), "Tang Song Jingji Shili Bijiao Yanjiu" [Comparative Study of Tang and Song Dynasty's Economic Strength], Researches in Chinese Economic History, 1998 (4), ISSN 1002-8005, p. 37.
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[14]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) [1992], China: A New History (2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge, MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01828-0, p. 106.
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[15]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgYu, Pauline (1998), "Charting the Landscape of Chinese Poetry", Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR), 20: 71–87, doi:10.2307/495264, JSTOR 495264, pp. 73–87.
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[16]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.org——— (2012). Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999627-8., p. 127.
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[18]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAdshead, S.A.M. (2004), T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4039-3456-7, pp. 40–41.
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[19]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgLatourette, Kenneth Scott (1934). The Chinese: Their History and Culture. 1 (1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1625342., p. 191.
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[20]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgDrompp, Michael R. (2004). Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-14129-2., p. 126.
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