The Russian Census of 2010 (Russian: Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2010 го́да) is the first census of the Russian Federation population since 2002 and the second after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Preparations for the census began in 2007 and it took place between October 14 and October 25.^[1]

The census was originally scheduled for October 2010, before being rescheduled for late 2013, citing financial reasons,^[2] although it was also speculated that political motives were influential in the decision. However, in late 2009, Prime Minister Putin announced that the Government of Russia allocated 10.5 billion rubles in order to conduct the census as originally scheduled (in October 2010).^[3][4]

Results showed the population to stand at 142.9 million. Since the previous 2002 census, population had decreased by 2.3 million (1.6%). According to the 2010 census, urban population is 105.3 million, rural population is 37.5 million. The urbanisation rate is currently 73.7%. The median age is 38 years.

The ethnic composition is dominated by Russians (80.9% of the population).^[5]