Orya–Tor languages
Orya–Tor languages
| Orya–Tor | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | North Papuan?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | toro1256 [7][1] |
The Orya–Tor languages are a family of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia.
| Orya–Tor | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | North Papuan?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | toro1256 [7][1] |
Classification
The Tor family is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Orya.
- Orya–Tor
Orya (Uria)
Tor family: Berik, Bonerif, Dabe–Keijar–Betaf, Itik, Jofotek-Bromnya, Kwesten, Kwinsu, Mander, Maremgi (Dineor), Vitou
Stephen Wurm (1975) linked Orya and the Tor languages with the Lakes Plain languages, forming a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. Clouse (1997) found no evidence of such a connection.[2] Malcolm Ross (2005) linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor–Kwerba proposal. Glottolog accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated.[1]
Foley (2018)
Foley (2018) provides the following classification.[5]
Foley considers the inclusion of Sause within the Tor family to be questionable due to insufficient lexical evidence.[5]
Pronouns
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Orya–Tor are,
| I | *ai | **exclusive we** | ? |
| **inclusive we** | *ne | ||
| thou | *emei | you | *em |
| s/he | *je | they | ? |
Basic vocabulary
Basic vocabulary in Tor family languages (Orya, Sause, Berik, Bonerif, Kwesten) listed by Foley (2018):[5]
- Note: ü = /y/
| gloss | Orya | Sause | Berik | Bonerif | Kwesten |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘bird’ | mawa | redneng | ju | sü | dun |
| ‘blood’ | kal | sawis | disan | awes | |
| ‘bone’ | dan | oʔog | ædna | re | ren |
| ‘ear’ | i | imwa | yere | yeren | |
| ‘eat’ | temb- | tomb- | tümba | tumber | |
| ‘egg’ | sik | reng | sui | süi | suy |
| ‘eye’ | nwe | nwe | nwetkan | noen | |
| ‘fire’ | siok | nəenʔ | tokwa | tiɲe | timor |
| ‘leg, foot’ | tana | tof | tøf | təv | |
| ‘louse’ | nena | heng | nena | nena | nɨnen |
| ‘name’ | bose | bosna | busø | busen | |
| ‘one’ | ahaen | noʔbo | daanfena | damet | aftken |
| ‘see’ | hla- | dam- | idam- | isangker | |
| ‘sky’ | nglɨ | winis | nir | oir ~ kir | |
| ‘stone’ | kasof | dobar | ton | tkun | toʔun |
| ‘sun’ | yakra | nisik | gwer | kwaka | kwaker |
| ‘tooth’ | æk | gong | or | worbo | our |
| ‘tree’ | te | eüsü | ti | ti | tin |
| ‘two’ | dan | nembe | naura | nawedem | nawət |
| ‘water’ | ho | beher | fo | fo | fon |
| ‘woman’ | we | wi | wi | win |