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Mali (GPU)

Mali (GPU)

The Mali series of graphics processing units (GPUs) and multimedia processors are semiconductor intellectual property cores produced by ARM Holdings for licensing in various ASIC designs by ARM partners.

Mali GPUs were developed by Falanx Microsystems A/S, which was spun off a research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.[1] Arm Holdings acquired Falanx Microsystems A/S on June 23, 2006 and renamed the company to Arm Norway.[2]

Technical details

Like other embedded IP cores for 3D rendering acceleration, the Mali GPU does not include display controllers driving monitors, in contrast to common desktop video cards. Instead, the Mali ARM core is a pure 3D engine that renders graphics into memory and passes the rendered image over to another core to handle display.

ARM does, however, license display controller SIP cores independently of the Mali 3D accelerator SIP block, e.g. Mali DP500, DP550 and DP650.[3]

ARM also supplies tools to help in authoring OpenGL ES shaders named Mali GPU Shader Development Studio and Mali GPU User Interface Engine.

Display controllers such as the ARM HDLCD display controller are available separately.[4]

Variants

The Mali core grew out of the cores previously produced by Falanx and currently constitute:

ModelMicro- archi- tectureTypeLaunch dateShader core countFab (nm)Die size (mm2)Core clock rate (MHz)L2 cache sizeFillrateBus width (bits)GFLOPS
(per core)
API (version)Fused multiply– addUsage in SoCsUsage
M△/sGT/s(GP/s)VulkanOpenGL ESOpenVGOpenCLDirect3D
Mali-55/110 [120]?Fixed function pipeline[5]2005 [121]1???N/A2.80.1??N/A1.11.0N/AN/ANoRockchip RK2818Graphics
Mali-200 [122]Utgard[6]Programmable pipeline[7]2007[8]1???N/A50.2??2.01.1
Mali-300 [123]?140
28
?5008 KiB550.5?5K1892VM14Ya
Mali-400 MP [124]20081–440
28
?200–600256 KiB550.5?1.2–5.4Allwinner A10, A10s, A13, A20, A33, H3, A64
Mali-450 MP [125]20121–840
28
?300–750512 KiB1422.6?4.5–11.9Amlogic S805, S802, S812, S905, Allwinner H5, RK3328
Mali-470 MP [126]20151–440
28
?250–6508–256 KiB710.65???
Mali-T604 [127] [9]Midgard 1stgenUnified shader model + SIMD ISA?1–432
28
?53332–256 KiB900.533?173.1Full Profile 1.111
(FL 9_3)
YesExynos 5250Graphics
& Compute
Mali-T658 [128] [9]?1–8??????
Mali-T622 [129]Midgard 2ndgen?1–232
28
?533??8.5
Mali-T624 [130]Aug 20121–432
28
?533–600??17-19.2
Mali-T628 [131]Aug 20121–832
28
?533–695??17–23.7Kirin 930/935
Mali-T678 [132] [10]Aug 20121–828?????
Mali-T720 [133]Midgard 3rdgenOct 20131–828?400–70032–256 KiB[11]650 (MP8@650MHz)5.2 (MP8@650MHz)?6.8–11.9Exynos 7580, MT6735, MT6753
Mali-T760 [134]Oct 20131–1628 / 141.75 mm2per shader core at 14 nm[12]600–772256–2048 KiB[13]13000.6-12.6 GTexel/s (bilinear)[14]10.4?17–26.21.0[15]3.2[16]Full Profile 1.211
(FL 11_1) [17]
Exynos 7420, Exynos 5433, MT6752, MT6732, RK3288
Mali-T820 [135]Midgard 4thgenQ4 20151–428?60032–256 KiB[13]400?2.6?10.211
(FL 9_3)
Amlogic S912
Mali-T830 [136]28?600–95032–256 KiB[13]400?2.6?20.4–32.3Kirin 650/655, Exynos 7870, Exynos 7880
Mali-T860 [137]1–1628?350–700256–2048 KiB[13]1300?10.4?11.9–23.811
(FL 11_1)
RK3399 (MP4), Serge S1 (MP4), RK3399 (MP4), Helio P10 (MP2), MT6750 (MP2)
Mali-T880 [138]Q2 20161–1616?650–1000256–2048 KiB[13]1700?13.6?22.1–34Exynos 8890, Helio P20 (MT6757), Helio P25, Helio X20 (MT6797), Kirin 950/955
Mali-G31 [139]Bifrost 1stgenUnified shader model + Unified memory + scalar, clause-based ISAQ1 20181-6 (1 EU per core)[18]28?65032kB-512kB?1.310.41.1[19]Full Profile 2.0Rockchip RK3326[20][21]AmLogic S905Y2, S905X2, S905D2
Mali-G51 [140] [22]Q4 20161-6 (1 uni to 3 dual)[23]28 16
14
12
10
?650?3.911
(FL 9_3)
HiSilicon Hi3751V811, HiSilicon Kirin 710
Mali-G71 [141]Q2 20161–3216
14
10
?700-1037128–2048 KiB18500.7-24.7 GTexel/s (bilinear)[24]27.218.56-28.9[25]11
(FL 11_1)
Kirin 960, Exynos 5 7872[26], Exynos 7 7885[27], Exynos 9 8895[28], Helio P23, Helio P30
Mali-G52 [142]Bifrost 2ndgenQ1 20181-4 (2 or 3 EU per core)16?850?6.827.2 @ 850 MHz per core (2 EU) 40.8 @ 850 MHz per core (3 EU)AmLogic S922X, Rockchip RK3530
Mali-G72 [143]Q2 20171–3216 101.36 mm2per shader core at 10 nm[29]572-800128–2048 KiB27.230.5412
(FL 11_1)
Kirin 970, Exynos 9 9810, Exynos 7 9610, Helio P60, Helio P70
Mali-G76 [144]Bifrost 3rdgenQ2 20184-208 7?600-720512–4096 KiB???~48.96Kirin980, Kirin 990, Exynos 9 9820, Exynos 9 9825, Helio G90/G90T
Mali-G77 [145]Valhall 1stgenSuperscalar engine + Unified memory + simplified scalar ISAQ2 20197-167850512–4096 KiB
Model**Micro-
archi-
tecture**
TypeLaunch dateShader core countFab (nm)Die size (mm2)Core clock rate (MHz)Max L2 cache sizeFillrate (Max core count)Bus width (bits)FP32 GFLOPS
(per core)
VulkanOpen
GL/ES
Open
VG
Open
CL
Direct
3D
Fused multiply-addUsage in SoCsUsage

Some Microarchitectures (or just some Chips?) support cache coherency for the L2 cache with the CPU.[30][31]

Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression (ASTC) is supported by Mali-T620, T720/T760, T820/T830/T860/T880 [32] and Mali-G series.

Implementations

The Mali GPU variants can be found in the following systems on chips (SoCs):

VendorSoC nameMali version
AllwinnerAllwinner A1X (A10, A10s, A13)Mali-400 MP[33][34][35] @ 300 MHz
A20, A23, A33, H2, H3, A64, H64, R8, R16, R40, R18Mali-400 MP2[36] @ 350/350/350/600/600/?/?/?/?/?/? MHz
H5Mali-450 MP4
H6Mali-T720 MP2
Amlogic8726-M series (8726-M1, 8726-M3, 8726-M6, 8726-MX)Mali-400 MP/MP2[37] @ 250/400 MHz
8726-M8 series (M801, M802, S801, S802, S812)Mali-450 MP6[37] @ 600 MHz
8726-M8B series (M805, S805)Mali-450 MP2[37] @ 500 MHz
S905, S905X/D/LMali-450 MP3 @ 750 MHz
S905X2, S905Y2, S905D2Mali-G31 MP2
S912Mali-T820 MP3 @ 600 MHz
S922XMali-G52 MP4
T966Mali-T830 MP2 @ 650 MHz
AsusTinkerboard, Tinkerboard SMali-T760
Baikal ElectronicsBaikal-MMali-T628 MP8[38]
CSRQuatro 5300 SeriesMali-400 MP
InfoTMiMAP×15Mali-400
iMAP×820Mali-400 MP2
iMAP×912Mali-400 MP2
HiSiliconKirin 620Mali-450 MP4 @ 533 MHz
Kirin 650/655/658/659Mali-T830 MP2 @ 900 MHz
Kirin 710Mali-G51 MP4 @ 1000MHz
Kirin 910/910TMali-450 MP4 @ 533/700 MHz
Kirin 920/925/928Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/600/? MHz
Kirin 930/935Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/680 MHz
Kirin 950/955Mali-T880 MP4 @ 900 MHz
Kirin 960Mali-G71 MP8 @ 1037 MHz
Kirin 970Mali-G72 MP12 @ 746 MHz
Kirin 980Mali-G76 MP10 @ 720 MHz
Kirin 990/990 5GMali-G76 MP16 @ 600 MHz
LeadcoreLC1810, LC1811, LC1813, LC1913Mali-400[39][40][41][42]
LC1860, LC1860C, LC1960Mali-T628 MP2 @ 600 MHz
MediaTekMT5595, MT5890Mali-T624 MP3
MT5596, MT5891Mali-T860 MP2 [43]
MT6571, MT6572, MT6572MMali-400 MP1 @ ?/500/400 MHz
MT6580Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz
MT6582/MT6582MMali-400 MP2 @ 500/416 MHz
MT6588, MT6591, MT6592, MT6592M, MT8127Mali-450 MP4 @ 600/700/600/600 MHz[44]
MT6732, MT6732M, MT6752, MT6752MMali-T760 MP2 @ 500/500/700/700 MHz[45]
MT6735, MT6735M, MT6735PMali-T720 MP2 @ 600/500/400 MHz
MT6737, MT6737TMali-T720 MP2 @ 550/600 MHz
MT6750Mali-T860 MP2 @ 520 MHz
MT6753Mali-T720 MP3 @ 700 MHz[46]
MT6755 (Helio P10), MT6755M, MT6755TMali-T860 MP2 @ 700/650/800 MHz
MT6757 (Helio P20), MT6757CDMali-T880 MP2 @ 900 MHz/1.0 GHz
MT6797, MT6797D, MT6797T, MT6797XMali-T880 MP4 @ 780/850/875 MHz
MT8735Mali-T720 MP2 @ 450 MHz
Helio P23Mali-G71 MP2 @ 770 MHz[47]
Helio P25Mali-T880 MP2 @ 1GHz[48]
Helio P30Mali-G71 MP2 @ 950 MHz[49]
Helio P60Mali-G72 MP3 @ 800 MHz[50]
Helio P70Mali-G72 MP3 @ 900 MHz[51]
Helio G90/G90TMali-G76 MP4 @ 800MHz
NetLogicAu1380, Au1350Mali-200[52][53]
NufrontNS2816, NS2816MMali-400 MP
NS115, TL7688, TL7689Mali-400 MP2
RealtekRTD1294, RTD1295, RTD1296Mali-T820 MP3[54]
RockchipRK2818Mali-200
RK2926, RK2628, RK3036, RK3229Mali-400 MP @ 400/400/500/600 MHz[55]
RK3026, RK3126, RK3128Mali-400 MP2 @ 500/600/600 MHz
RK3066, RK3188, RK3188TMali-400 MP4 @ 266/533/~400 MHz[56][57]
RK3288Mali-T760 MP4 @ 600 MHz
RK3326Mali-G31 MP2[20][21]
RK3328Mali-450 MP2
RK3399Mali-T860 MP4 @ 600 MHz
RK3530Mali-G52[58]
RK3588
SamsungExynos 3 Quad (3470), Exynos 4 Dual, Quad (4210, 4212 and 4412)Mali-400 MP4[59]
Exynos 5 Dual (5250)Mali-T604 MP4[60]
Exynos 5 Hexa (5260)Mali-T624 MP3
Exynos 5 Octa (5420, 5422, 5430 and 5800)Mali-T628 MP6
Exynos 5 Hexa (7872)Mali-G71 MP1 @ 1.2GHz
Exynos 7 Octa (5433/7410)Mali-T760 MP6
Exynos 7 Octa (7420)Mali-T760 MP8 @ 772MHz
Exynos 7 Quad (7570),Exynos 3 Quard(3475)Mali-T720 MP1
Exynos 7 Octa (7580)Mali-T720 MP2
Exynos 7 Octa (7870)Mali-T830 MP1
Exynos 7 Octa (7880)Mali-T830 MP3
Exynos 7 Series 7885Mali-G71 MP2 @1300MHz
Exynos 8 Octa (8890)Mali-T880 MP10 (Lite) / Mali-T880 MP12 @650MHz
Exynos 9 Octa (8895)Mali-G71 MP20 @ 546MHz[61][62]
Exynos 7 Series 9610Mali-G72 MP3[63]
Exynos 9 Series 9810Mali-G72 MP18 @ 572MHz[64]
Exynos 9 Series 9820Mali-G76MP12 @ 702MHz
S5P6450 VegaMali-400 MP[65]
Sigma DesignsSMP8750 SeriesMali-400 MP4 @ 350 MHz[66]
Socle-TechLeopard-6Mali-200[67]
SpreadtrumSC68xx, SC57xx, SC77xx, SC8xxx, SC983xMali-400 MP Series[68]
SC9860, SC9860GVMali-T880 MP4
ST-EricssonNovaThor U9500, U8500, U5500Mali-400 MP[69]
STMicroelectronicsSPEAr1340Mali-200[70]
STi7108, STiH416Mali-400 MP[71][72]
TelechipsTCC8803, TCC8902, TCC8900, TCC9201Mali-200[37][73]
WonderMediaWM8750Mali-200
WM8850, WM8950Mali-400 MP[74]
WM8880, WM8980Mali-400 MP2
WM8860Mali-450
XiaomiSurge S1Mali-T860 MP4 @ 800 MHz[75][76]
Surge S2Mali-G71 MP12 @ 900 MHz (?)[77]

Mali Video Processors

Mali Video is the name given to ARM Holdings' dedicated video decoding and video encoding ASIC. There are multiple versions implementing a number of video codecs, such as HEVC, VP9, H.264 and VP8. As with all ARM products, the Mali Video Processor is a semiconductor intellectual property core licensed to third parties for inclusion in their chips. Real time encode-decode capability is central to videotelephony. An interface to ARM's TrustZone technology is also built-in to enable Digital Rights Management of copyrighted material.

Mali-V500

The first version of a Mali Video processor was the V500, released in 2013 with the Mali-T622 GPU.[78] The V500 is a multicore design, sporting 1–8 cores, with support for H.264 and a protected video path using ARM TrustZone. The 8 core version is sufficient for 4K video decode at 120 frames per second (fps). The V500 can encode VP8 and H.264, and decode H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8.

Mali-V550

Released with the Mali-T800 GPU, ARM V550 video processors added both encode and decode HEVC support, 10-bit color depth, and technologies to further reduced power consumption.[79] The V550 also included technology improvements to better handle latency and save bandwidth.[80] Again built around the idea of a scalable number of cores (1–8) the V550 could support between 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 cores). The V550 supported HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG encode, and HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8, JPEG decode.

Mali-V61

The Mali V61 video processor (formerly named Egil) was released with the Mali Bifrost GPU in 2016.[81][82] V61 has been designed to improve video encoding, in particular HEVC and VP9, and to allow for encoding either a single or multiple streams simultaneously.[83] The design continues the 1–8 variable core number design, with a single core supporting 1080p60 while 8 cores can drive 4Kp120. It can decode and encode VP9 10-bit, VP9 8-bit, HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG and decode only MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, H.263.[84]

Mali-V52

The Mali V52 video processor was released with the Mali G52 and G31 GPUs in March 2018.[85] The processor is intended to support 4K (including HDR) video on mainstream devices.[86]

Mali-V76

The Mali V76 video processor was released with the Mali G76 GPU and Cortex-A76 CPU in 2018.[87] The V76 was designed to improve video encoding and decoding performance. The design continues the 2–8 variable core number design, with 8 cores capable of 8Kp60 decoding and 8Kp30 encoding. Relative to the V61, support was added for 10-bit HDR H.264 encode and decode. However, the AV1 codec is not supported.

Comparison

Mali VideoV500V550V61V52V76
AnnouncedJune 2, 2013[88]October 27, 2014[89]October 31, 2016[90]March 6, 2018[91]May 31, 2018[87]
Recommended GPUMali-T800-seriesMali-G51
Mali-G72
Mali-G31
Mali-G52
Mali-G76
Recommended DPUMali-DP500Mali-DP550
Mali-DP650
Mali-DP650
Mali-D71
Mali-D52
Memory systemMMU
Bus interfaceAMBA 3 AXI
AMBA 4 ACE Lite
AMBA AXIAMBA4 AXI
Performance (enc)1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 core)1080p60 (1 core) to 4K60 (4 core)1080p60 (1 core) to 8K30 (8 core)
Performance (dec)1080p120 (1 core) to 4K120 (4 core)1080p120 (1 core) to 8K60 (8 core)
Decode & Encode
H.264 8-bitD & ED & ED & ED & ED & E
H.264 10-bit
D & ED & E
VP8D & ED & ED & ED & ED & E
JPEG
D & ED & ED & ED & E
HEVC Main
D & ED & ED & ED & E
HEVC Main 10
DD & ED & ED & E
VP9 8-bit
D & ED & ED & E
VP9 10-bit
D & ED & ED & E
AV1

Mali Display Processors

Mali-D71

The Mali-D71 added Arm Framebuffer Compression (AFBC) 1.2 encoder, support for ARM CoreLink MMU-600 and Assertive Display 5. Assertive Display 5 has support for HDR10 and Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG).

Mali-D77

The Mali-D77 added features including Asynchronous timewarp (ATW), Lens Distortion Correction (LDC) and Chromatic Aberration Correction (CAC). The Mali-D77 is also capable of 3K (2880x1440) @ 120Hz and 4K @ 90Hz.[92]

Mali DisplayDP500[93][94]DP550[95]DP650[96][97]D71[98][99][100]D51D77[101][102]
AnnouncedMay 8, 2010October 27, 2014January 20, 2016October 31, 2017March 6, 2018May 15, 2019
Optimized resn/a720p (HD) to 1080p (FHD)1440p (QHD)1440p (QHD) to 2160p (UHD/4K)1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD)2880x1440 @ 120Hz
Maximum res2160p (4K)2160p (4K)2160p (4K)2160p (4K) up to 120fps4096x2048 up to 60fps4320x2160 @ 120Hz
Launched AlongsideCortex-A17 coreMali-T800 series GPU, V550 Video ProcessorCoreLink MMU-600, Assertive Display 5Mali-G31, Mali-G52, Mali-V52

Mali Camera

Mali-C71

On April 25th 2017 the Mali-C71 was announced, ARM's first Image Signal Processor (ISP).[103][104][105]

Mali-C52 & Mali-C32

On January 3th 2019 the Mali-C52 and C32 where announced, aimed at everyday devices including drones, smart home assistants and security, and internet protocol (IP) camera.[106]

Comparison

Mali CameraC32C52C71
AnnouncedJanuary 3, 2019April 25, 2017
Throughput600 MP/s1,2 GP/s
Camera support4x, total 16 MP4x 4096x4096
Dynamic Range24 stops
Channel supportRGGB, RGBlrRGGB, RCCC, RGBIr, RCCB, RCCG
up to 16 channels
ASIL complianceASIL D

The Lima and Panfrost FOSS drivers

On January 21, 2012, Phoronix reported that Luc Verhaegen is driving a reverse-engineering attempt aimed at the Mali series of GPUs, specifically the Mali 200 and Mali 400 versions. The project will be known as Lima and support OpenGL ES 2.0.[107] The reverse-engineering project was presented at FOSDEM, February 4, 2012,[108][109] followed by the opening of a website [146] demonstrating some renders. On February 2, 2013, Verhaegen demonstrated Quake III Arena in timedemo mode, running on top of the Lima driver.[110] In May 2018, a Lima developer posted the driver for inclusion in the Linux kernel.[111] As of May 2019, the Lima driver is part of the mainline Linux kernel.[112]

Panfrost is a reverse-engineered driver effort for Mali Txxx (Midgard) and Gxx (Bifrost) GPUs. Introducing Panfrost [147] talk was presented at X.Org Developer's Conference 2018. As of May 2019, the Panfrost driver is part of the mainline Linux kernel.[113]

See also

  • Adreno – GPU developed by Qualcomm (formerly AMD, then Freescale)

  • Atom family of SoCs – with Intel graphics core, not licensed to third parties

  • AMD mobile APUs – with AMD graphics core, licensed to Samsung [114]

  • PowerVR – by Imagination Technologies

  • Tegra – family of SoCs by Nvidia with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties

  • VideoCore – family of SoCs by Broadcom with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties

  • Vivante – available as SIP block to third parties

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