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Ja'alin tribe

Ja'alin tribe

The Ja'alin, Ja'aliyin or Ja'al (Arabic: جعليون‎) are an arabised Nubian[2][3][4] tribe in Sudan, constituting a large portion of the Sudanese Arabs. They are the largest among the Sudanese Arabs and are also one of the three prominent tribes of indigenous arabised Nubians in Northern Sudan - The others being the Shaigiya and Danagla. They trace their origin to Ibrahim Ja'al, an Abbasid noble, whose clan originally hailed from the Hejaz and married into the local Nubian population. Ja'al was a descendant of al-Abbas, an uncle of prophet Muhammad. The Ja'alin formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad.[5] The tribe once spoke a now extinct dialect of Nubian as late as the nineteenth century.[6]

Ja'alin
جعليون
EthnicityArab
LocationNile river basin between Khartoum and Abu Hamad
Population4,000,000[1]
LanguageArabic[1]
ReligionSunni Islam

Lineage

The sequence of the descent of the six are the last kings (Mak) are Idris (Abu Deraa) and Bishara and the stallion and Nimr and Kamblawi and Diab sons of Abdulsalam (Althlob) bin Idris Altoli bin Suleiman al-Adar bin Diab Prince bin Saad Abu Dabbous (said to be a good man, a grandfather Saadab) bin Abdul Salam bin Abdul Maabood bin Adlan (and his brothers who are Nafie and Nafie and Jabir, Jabir, Abdul Aal and Muslim) bin Arman bin Dawaab bin Ghanim bin Humaidan bin Sobh Abu Markha bin Musar bin Sarar bin Sultan Hassan Kerdum bin Abu Aldis otter bin Abdullah bin Hargan bin stolen Bin Ahmed bin Ibrahim make bin Idris bin Qais bin Yemen bin Adnan bin Qasas bin Karb bin Mohammed Hatel bin Ahmed Yatel bin Mohammed Zul Kalaa bin Saad bin Fadl bin Abbas bin Mohammed bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib bin Hashem bin Abdul Manaf bin Qusay bin dogs bin Marab bin Ka'b bin Louay bin Ghaleb bin Fahr bin Malik bin Nadar grandfather Quraish bin Kenanah bin Khuzayma ibn Misrata bin Ilyas Bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Maad bin Adnan.

History

The Ja'alin trace their lineage to Abbas, uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[5] At the Egyptian invasion in 1811 they were the most powerful of Arab tribes in the Nile valley. They submitted at first, but in 1822 rebelled and massacred the Egyptian garrison at Shendi with the Mek Nimr, a Ja'ali King (mek) burning Ismail, Muhammad Ali Pasha's son and his cortege at a banquet. The revolt was mercilessly suppressed, and the Ja'alin were thence forward looked on with suspicion. They were almost the first of the northern tribes to join the mahdi in 1884, and it was their position to the north of Khartoum which made communication with General Gordon so difficult. The Ja'alin then became a semi-nomad agricultural people.[5]

The Anglo-Egyptian re-conquest of the Sudan began in 1896. In July 1897 Ja'alin tribal leaders refused to allow the Mahdist forces to occupy the Ja’alin town of Metemmeh, a strategic point on the Nile, 180 kilometres downstream of Omdurman. They feared the occupation would be oppressive, threatening both lives and property. After the Khalifa refused an offer from their leaders for the Ja’alin themselves to protect this stretch of the Nile from advancing Anglo-Egyptian forces, the Ja'alin leaders requested protection from General Kitchener, commander of the Anglo-Egyptian army. In response, the Mahdist forces attacked Metemmeh, killing several thousand Ja’alin, including women and children,[7] the killings continuing in the following year.[8] As a consequence, Ja’alin tribesmen supported the Anglo-Egyptian forces on their advance on Omdurman in 1898, including supplying an irregular force of 2,500 cavalry [9] which helped clear the east bank of the Nile of Mahdist fighters in the days before the Battle of Omdurman.[10]

Location

This group of over four million people live in cities and large towns along the banks of the Nile River. The area is very hot and dry, with an average yearly rainfall of about three inches. In the summer, which lasts from April through November, daytime temperatures can reach as high as 120 to 130 °F (49 to 54 °C).

Lifestyle

Some Jaaliyin still farm and raise livestock along the banks of the Nile River, but today they more commonly consist of the bulk of the Sudanese urban population, forming a large part of the merchant class. Although many have moved to cities, such as the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, they still maintain their tribal identity and solidarity. Famous for maintaining ties with their homeland, they keep in contact with their original home and return for frequent visits, especially for marriages, funerals and Muslim festivals.[1]

References

[1]
Citation Linkwww.joshuaproject.net"Gaalin in Sudan". Joshua Project. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[2]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAdams, William Y. (1977). Nubia. Corridor to Africa. Princeton University. ISBN 0691093709., pp. 557-558: "Although claiming a purely Arab pedigree, they [the Ja'alin] are in fact made up overwhelmingly of Arabized Nubians, with only a small admixture of genuinely Arab blood".
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[3]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgHolt, P. M. (1970). "The Nilotic Sudan". In P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. 2A. Cambridge University., p. 329: "(...) most of the settled clans of the main Nile are regarded as descendants of a certain Ja'al, who is, furthermore, stated to have been an 'Abbasid. Disregarding this assertion (a typical genealogical sophistication), we may reasonably see in these Ja'aliyyun the descendants of the arabized Nubians of the late Middle Ages".
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[4]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgKramer, Robert S.; Lobban Jr., Richard A.; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. The Scarecrow. ISBN 0810861801., p. 223: "Despite their claim of an Arab pedigree, the Ja'aliyin may also be considered a southern group of Arabized Nubians".
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[5]
Citation Linken.wikisource.orgThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jā'alin". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 103. Citation: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, edited by Count Gleichen (London, 1905)
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[6]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgO'Fahey, R. S., Spaulding, Jay (1974): Kingdoms of the Sudan. Methuen Young Books. ISBN 0416774504. pp.28-29
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[7]
Citation Linkarchive.org‘An Officer’ (1899). Sudan Campaign 1896-1899. Chapman & Hall London, Chapter VII.
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[8]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgPhilip Ziegler (1973). Omdurman. Collins. p. 55.
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[9]
Citation Linkarchive.orgWinston Churchill (1899). The River War volume 2. Longmans. pp. 57, 91–93.
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[10]
Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgPhilip Ziegler (1973). Omdurman. Collins. pp. 47 & 90.
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[11]
Citation Link//doi.org/10.2307%2F21993410.2307/219934
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[12]
Citation Linkarchive.org"On the Tribes of the Nile Valley, North of Khartum"
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[13]
Citation Linkwww.joshuaproject.net"Gaalin in Sudan"
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[14]
Citation Linkarchive.orgSudan Campaign 1896-1899
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[15]
Citation Linkarchive.orgThe River War volume 2
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[16]
Citation Linkdoi.org10.2307/219934
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[17]
Citation Linkarchive.org"On the Tribes of the Nile Valley, North of Khartum"
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM
[18]
Citation Linken.wikipedia.orgThe original version of this page is from Wikipedia, you can edit the page right here on Everipedia.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Additional terms may apply.See everipedia.org/everipedia-termsfor further details.Images/media credited individually (click the icon for details).
Sep 20, 2019, 4:05 AM