Everipedia Logo
Everipedia is now IQ.wiki - Join the IQ Brainlist and our Discord for early access to editing on the new platform and to participate in the beta testing.
European People's Party Group

European People's Party Group

The European People's Party group (EPP Group) is the political group in the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP), other unaffiliated national parties and independent deputies.[14][15][16] In this respect, there is a distinction between the European People's Party itself (a European-level party of centre-right national political parties from across Europe) and the EPP Group in the European Parliament, which is not limited to deputies that belong to EPP's member parties. The EPP mostly comprises politicians of Christian democratic, conservative and liberal-conservative orientation.[17][18][19]

The European People's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976. However, the European People's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953, from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, making it one of the oldest European level political groups. Its size has given it influence in all the EU's institutions. It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999. In the European Council, 9 out of 28 Heads of State and Government belong to the EPP family and in the European Commission, 13 out of 27 Commissioners come from EPP parties.

European People's Party parliamentary group
European Parliament group
NameEuropean People's Party parliamentary group
English abbr.EPP
(22 June 2009 to present)

EPP-ED[1]
(20 July 1999[2] to 22 June 2009)

EPP[1]
(17 July 1979[3] to 20 July 1999[2])

CD[2]
(23 June 1953[3] to 17 July 1979[3])
French abbr.PPE
(22 June 2009 to present)

PPE-DE[4]
(20 July 1999[2] to 22 June 2009)

PPE[3]
(17 July 1979[3] to 20 July 1999[2])

DC[3]
(23 June 1953[3] to 17 July 1979[3])
Formal nameGroup of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)
(22 June 2009 to present)

Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats[4][5][6]
(20 July 1999[2] to 22 June 2009)

Group of the European People's Party (Christian-Democratic Group)[7][3][8][9]
(17 July 1979[3] to 20 July 1999[2])

Christian Democratic Group (Group of the European People's Party)[3][9]
(14 March 1978[3] to 17 July 1979[3])

Christian Democratic Group[2][9]
(23 June 1953[3] to 14 March 1978[3])
IdeologyLiberal conservatism[10]
Conservatism[11]
Christian democracy[10][11]
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-right
European partiesEuropean People's Party
From11 September 1952
(unofficially)[12]
23 June 1953
(officially)[12]
Topresent
Chaired byManfred Weber[13]
MEP(s)
182 / 751
Websitewww.eppgroup.eu [72]

History

Logo of European People's Party Group from 1999 to 2015.

Logo of European People's Party Group from 1999 to 2015.

The Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (the predecessor of the present day European Parliament) first met on 10 September 1952[20] and the first Christian Democratic group was unofficially formed the next day, with Maan Sassen as President.[12][21] The group held 38 of the 78 seats, two short of an absolute majority.[12][22] On 16 June 1953 the Common Assembly passed a resolution[23] enabling the official formation of political groups, and on 23 June 1953 the constituent declaration[24] of the group was published and the group was officially formed.[12][22]

The Christian Democrat group was the biggest group at formation, but as time wore on it lost support and was the second-biggest group by the time of the 1979 elections. As the European Community expanded into the European Union, the dominant centre-right parties in the new member states were not necessarily Christian democratic, and the EPP (European People's Party, the pan-continental political party founded in 1976 which all group members are now affiliated to) feared being sidelined.[25] To counter this, the EPP expanded its remit to cover the centre-right regardless of tradition and pursued a policy of integrating liberal-conservative parties.[25]

This policy led to Greek New Democracy and Spanish People's Party MEPs joining the EPP Group.[25] The British Conservative Party and Danish Conservative People's Party tried to maintain a group of their own called the European Democrats (ED), but lack of support and the problems inherent in maintaining a small group forced ED's collapse in the 1990s, and its members crossed the floor to join the EPP Group.[25] The parties of these MEPs also became full members of the EPP (with the exception of the British Conservatives who did not join the Party) and this consolidation process of the European centre-right throughout the 1990s with the acquisition of members from the Italian party Forza Italia. However, the consolidation was not unalloyed and a split emerged with the Eurosceptic MEPs who congregated in a subgroup within the group, also called the European Democrats (ED).

Nevertheless, the consolidation held through the 1990s, assisted by the group being renamed to the European People's Party – European Democrats (EPP-ED) group, and after the 1999 European elections the EPP-ED reclaimed its position as the largest group in the Parliament from the Party of European Socialists (PES) group.

Size was not enough, however: the group did not have a majority. It continued therefore to engage in the Grand Coalition (a coalition with the PES Group, or occasionally the Liberals) to generate the majorities required by the cooperation procedure under the Single European Act. This coalition has held, although occasionally the group adopts a government-opposition dynamic with the other groups, notably during the budget crisis when it opposed the PES and brought about the resignation of the Santer Commission.

Meanwhile, the parties in the European Democrats subgroup were growing restless[26] and finally left following the 2009 elections, when the Czech Civic Democratic Party and British Conservative party formed their own right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group on 22 June 2009, abolishing the European Democrats subgroup from that date. The EPP-ED Group reverted to its original name – the EPP Group – immediately.

In the 7th European Parliament the EPP Group remains the largest parliamentary group with 275 MEPs. It is currently the only political group in the European parliament to fully represent its corresponding European political party, i.e. the European People's Party. The United Kingdom was the only member to not be represented in the group until 28 February 2018, when two MEPs suspended from the Conservative Party left the European Conservatives and Reformists and joined the EPP.[27] The two MEPs later joined a breakaway political party in the UK, The Independent Group.[28]

After 12 member parties in the EPP called for Fidesz's expulsion or suspension, Fidesz's membership was suspended.[29]

Membership at formation

The 38 members in the group on 11 September 1952 were as follows:


Member state

MEPs

Party

MEPs

Notes

Sources
Belgium5Christian Social Party5
  • Théodore Lefevre
  • Paul Struye
  • Pierre Wigny
  • Pierre De Smet
  • Alfred Bertrand
[20][30]
France5Christian People's Party (Saar)2
  • Franz Singer
  • Erwin Mueller
[20][30]
Republican People's Movement3
  • François De Menthon
  • Pierre Henri Teitgen
  • Alain Poher
[20][30]
Germany8Christian Democratic Union
and Christian Social Union
7cr
  • Günter Henle
  • Eugen Gerstenmaier
  • Heinrich Von Brentano
  • Hermann Pünder
  • Franz Josef Strauss
  • Georg Pelster
  • Hermann Kopf
[20][30]
Federal Union Party1
  • Helmut Bertram
[20][30]
Italy12Christian Democracy12
  • Pietro Campilli
  • Antonio Azara
  • Lodovico Benvenuti
  • Mario Cingolani
  • Francesco Dominedo
  • Lodovico Montini
  • Angelo Giacomo Mott
  • Italo Mario Sacco
  • Vinicio Ziino
  • Giuseppe Togni
  • Antonio Boggiano-Pico
  • Armando Sabatini
[20][30]
Luxembourg2Christian Social People's Party2
  • Fernand Loesch
  • Nicolas Margue
[20][30]
Netherlands6Anti-Revolutionary Party2
  • J. A. H. J. S. Bruins Slot
  • W. Rip
[20][30]
Catholic People's Party3
  • M. A. M. Klompé
  • E. M. J. A. Sassen
  • P. A. Blaisse
[20][30]
Christian Historical Union1
  • G. Vixseboxe
[20][30]

Structure

Organisation

The EPP Group is governed by a collective (referred to as the Presidency) that allocates tasks. The Presidency consists of the Group Chair and a maximum of ten Vice-Chairs, including the Treasurer. The day-to-day running of the EPP Group is performed by its secretariat in the European Parliament, led by its Secretary-General. The Group runs its own think-tank, the European Ideas Network, which brings together opinion-formers from across Europe to discuss issues facing the European Union from a centre-right perspective.

The EPP Group Presidency includes:

NamePositionSources
Manfred WeberChair[31]
Lara ComiVice-Chair[32]
Esther de LangeVice-Chair[32]
Mariya GabrielVice-Chair[32]
Esteban González PonsVice-Chair[32]
Françoise GrossetêteVice-Chair[32]
Sandra KalnieteVice-Chair[32]
Marian-Jean MarinescuVice-Chair[32]
Paulo RangelVice-Chair[32]
József SzájerVice-Chair[32]
Tadeusz ZwiefkaVice-Chair[32]

The chairs of the group and its predecessors from 1952 to 18 September 2008 are as follows:


From

To

Chair

Member State

National party
19531958Maan SassenNetherlandsCatholic People's Party
19581958Pierre WignyBelgiumChristian Social Party
19581966Alain PoherFrancePopular Republican Movement
19661969Joseph IllerhausWest GermanyChristian Democratic Union
19691975Hans LückerWest GermanyChristian Democratic Union
19751977Alfred BertrandBelgiumChristian People's Party
19771982Egon KlepschWest GermanyChristian Democratic Union
19821984Paolo BarbiItalyChristian Democracy
19841992Egon KlepschWest Germany/GermanyChristian Democratic Union
19921994Leo TindemansBelgiumChristian People's Party
19941999Wilfried MartensBelgiumChristian People's Party
19992007Hans-Gert PötteringGermanyChristian Democratic Union
20072014Joseph DaulFranceUnion for a Popular Movement
2014presentManfred WeberGermanyChristian Social Union in Bavaria

Membership

9th European Parliament

The national parties that have Members of the EPP Group are as follows:

CountryPartyEuropean partyMEPs
AustriaAustrian People's Party
Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP)
EPP
7 / 18
BelgiumChristian Democratic and Flemish
Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams (CD&V)
EPP
2 / 21
Humanist Democratic Centre
Centre Démocrate Humaniste (CDH)
EPP
1 / 21
Christian Social Party
Christlich Soziale Partei (CSP)
EPP
1 / 21
BulgariaCitizens for European Development of Bulgaria
Граждани за европейско развитие на България (GERB)
EPP
5 / 17
Union of Democratic Forces
Съюз на демократичните сили (SDS)
EPP
1 / 17
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria
Демократи за силна България (DSB)
EPP
1 / 17
CroatiaCroatian Democratic Union
Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ)
EPP
4 / 11
CyprusDemocratic Rally
Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (DISY)
EPP
2 / 6
Czech RepublicChristian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party
Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová (KDU–ČSL)
EPP
2 / 21
TOP 09EPP
2 / 21
Mayors and Independents
Starostové a nezávislí (STAN)
None
1 / 21
DenmarkConservative People's Party
Konservative Folkeparti (KF)
EPP
1 / 13
FinlandNational Coalition Party
Kansallinen Kokoomus (KK)
EPP
3 / 13
FranceThe Republicans
Les Républicains (LR)
EPP
7 / 74
The Centrists
Les Centristes (LC)
None
1 / 74
GermanyChristian Democratic Union
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)
EPP
23 / 96
Christian Social Union of Bavaria
Christlich-Soziale Union In Bayern e.V. (CSU)
EPP
6 / 96
GreeceNew Democracy
Νέα Δημοκρατία (ND)
EPP
8 / 21
HungaryFideszEPP
12 / 21
Christian Democratic People's Party
Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt (KDNP)
EPP
1 / 21
IrelandFine GaelEPP
4 / 11
ItalyForza ItaliaEPP
6 / 73
South Tyrolean People's Party
Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP)
EPP
1 / 73
LatviaUnity
Vienotība
EPP
2 / 8
LithuaniaHomeland Union
Tėvynės Sąjunga (TS-LKD)
EPP
3 / 11
Aušra Maldeikienė (Independent)Independent
1 / 11
LuxembourgChristian Social People's Party
Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV)
EPP
2 / 6
MaltaNationalist Party
Partit Nazzjonalista (PN)
EPP
2 / 6
NetherlandsChristian Democratic Appeal
Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA)
EPP
4 / 26
Christian Union
ChristenUnie (CU)
ECPM
1 / 26
50PLUS (50+)None
1 / 26
PolandCivic Platform
Platforma Obywatelska (PO)
EPP
12 / 51
Polish People's Party
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL)
EPP
3 / 51
Janina Ochojska, Magdalena Adamowicz (Independent)Independent
2 / 51
PortugalSocial Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata (PSD)
EPP
6 / 21
Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular (CDS–PP)
EPP
1 / 21
RomaniaNational Liberal Party
Partidul Național Liberal (PNL)
EPP
10 / 32
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség (RMDS)
EPP
2 / 32
People's Movement Party
Partidul Mișcarea Populară (PMP)
EPP
2 / 32
SlovakiaTOGETHER – Civic Democracy
SPOLU – občianska demokracia (SPOLU)
None
2 / 13
Christian Democratic Movement
Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie (KDH)
EPP
1 / 13
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities
Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti (OĽaNO)
ECPM
1 / 13
SloveniaSlovenian Democratic Party
Slovenska Demokratska Stranka (SDS)
EPP
2 / 8
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats
Nova Slovenija – Krščanski demokrati (NSi)
EPP
1 / 8
Slovenian People's Party
Slovenska ljudska stranka (SLS)
EPP
1 / 8
SpainPeople's Party
Partido Popular (PP)
EPP
12 / 51
SwedenModerate Party
Moderata Samlingspartiet (M)
EPP
4 / 20
Christian Democrats
Kristdemokraterna (KD)
EPP
2 / 20
European Union
Total
182 / 751

7th and 8th European Parliament

CountryNamesNames (English)MEPs 2009–14MEPs 2014–19
Austria
Österreichische Volkspartei
Austrian People's Party6Decrease5
BelgiumDutch: Christen-Democratisch & VlaamsChristian Democratic and Flemish3Decrease2
French: Centre Démocrate HumanisteHumanist Democratic Centre1Steady1
German: Christlich Soziale ParteiChristian Social Party*1Steady1
BulgariaГраждани за европейско развитие на България
(*Grazhdani za Evropeysko Razvitie na Balgariya*)
Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria5Increase6
Съюз на демократичните сили
(*Sayuz na Demokratichnite Sili*)
Union of Democratic Forces1Decrease0
Демократи за силна България
(*Demokrati za Silna Balgariya*)
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria1Steady1
Croatia
Hrvatska demokratska zajednica
Croatian Democratic Union4Steady4
Hrvatska seljačka stranka
Croatian Peasant Party1Steady1
CyprusGreek:Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός
(*Dimokratikós Sinayermós*)
Democratic Rally2Decrease1
Czech Republic
Křesťanská a demokratická unie - Československá strana lidová
Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party2Increase3
TOP 09TOP 09Increase3
Starostové a nezávislí
Mayors and Independents[33]Increase1
Denmark
Det Konservative Folkeparti
Conservative People's Party1Steady1
Estonia
Erakond Isamaa
Pro Patria1Steady1
Finland
Kansallinen Kokoomus
National Coalition Party3Steady3
Suomen kristillisdemokraatit
Christian Democrats1Decrease0
France
Les Républicains
The Republicans27Decrease18
Union des Démocrates et Indépendants
Union of Democrats and Independents6Decrease0
IndependentIncrease2
Germany
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
Christian Democratic Union34Decrease29
Christlich-Soziale Union In Bayern e.V.
Christian Social Union of Bavaria8Decrease5
GreeceΝέα Δημοκρατία
(*Néa Dimokratiá*)
New Democracy7Decrease5
Hungary
Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt
Christian Democratic People's Party1Steady1
IrelandFine GaelFine Gael4Steady4
ItalyForza Italia (2013)Forza Italia19Decrease12
Alternativa Popolare
Popular AlternativeIncrease1
Unione di Centro
Union of the Centre6Decrease1
German: Südtiroler VolksparteiSouth Tyrolean People's Party1Steady1
Latvia
Vienotība
Unity4Steady4
Lithuania
Tėvynės Sąjunga – Lietuvos Krikščionys Demokratai
Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats4Decrease2
IndependentIncrease1
LuxembourgLuxembourgish: Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei
French: Parti Populaire Chrétien Social
German: Christlich Soziale Volkspartei
Christian Social People's Party3Steady3
Malta
Partit Nazzjonalista
Nationalist Party2Increase3
Netherlands
Christen-Democratisch Appèl
Christian Democratic Appeal5Steady5
Poland
Platforma Obywatelska
Civic Platform25Decrease18
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe
Polish People's Party4Steady4
Portugal
Partido Social Democrata
Social Democratic Party8Decrease6
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular
Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party2Decrease1
Romania
Partidul Național Liberal
National Liberal Party12Decrease8
Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség
Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania3Decrease2
Partidul Mișcarea Populară
People's Movement Party
IndependentIncrease2
Slovakia
Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie
Christian Democratic Movement2Increase3
Strana Maďarskej Koalície – Magyar Koalício Pártja
Party of the Hungarian Community2Decrease1
Most–HídMost–HídIncrease1
IndependentIncrease1
Slovenia
Slovenska Demokratska Stranka
Slovenian Democratic Party3Steady3
Nova Slovenija – Krščanska Ljudska Stranka
New Slovenia – Christian People's Party1Steady1
Slovenska ljudska stranka
Slovenian People's PartyIncrease1
SpainSpanish: Partido PopularPeople's Party24Decrease16
IndependentIncrease1
Sweden
Moderata Samlingspartiet
Moderate Party4Decrease3
Kristdemokraterna
Christian Democrats1Steady1
United Kingdom
Change UK
Change UK (defection from Conservative Party/ECR)[34]0Increase1
Renew Party (defection from Conservative Party/ECR)[35]0Increase1
Total274219

Activities

In the news

Activities performed by the group in the period between June 2004 and June 2008 include monitoring elections in Palestine[36] and the Ukraine;[37] encouraging transeuropean rail travel,[38] telecoms deregulation,[39] energy security,[40] a common energy policy,[41] the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Union,[42] partial reform of the CAP[43] and attempts to tackle illegal immigration;[44][45][46] denouncing Russian involvement in South Ossetia;[47][48][49][50][51] supporting the Constitution Treaty[52][53][54] and the Lisbon Treaty;[55][56] debating globalisation,[41][57] relations with China,[58] and Taiwan;[59] backing plans to outlaw Holocaust denial;[60] nominating Anna Politkovskaya for the 2007 Sakharov Prize;[61] expelling Daniel Hannan from the Group;[62] the discussion about whether ED MEPs should remain within EPP-ED or form a group of their own;[63][64][65] criticisms of the group's approach to tackling low turnout for the 2009 elections;[66] the group's use of the two-President arrangement;[67] and the group's proposal to ban the Islamic Burka dress EU wide.

Parliamentary activity profile

Group parliamentary activity profile, 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 (see description for sources).  EPP-ED: 659 motions

Group parliamentary activity profile, 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 (see description for sources).  EPP-ED: 659 motions

The debates and votes in the European Parliament are tracked by its website[68] and categorized by the groups that participate in them and the rule of procedure that they fall into. The results give a profile for each group by category and the total indicates the group's level of participation in Parliamentary debates. The activity profile for each group for the period 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 in the Sixth Parliament is given on the diagram on the right. The group is denoted in blue.

The website shows the group as participating in 659 motions, making it the third most active group during the period.

Publications

The group produces many publications, which can be found on its website.[69] Documents produced in 2008 cover subjects such as dialogue with the Orthodox Church, study days, its strategy for 2008-09, Euro-Mediterranean relations, and the Treaty of Lisbon. It also publishes a yearbook and irregularly publishes a presentation, a two-page summary of the group.

Academic analysis

Along with the other political groups, the group has been analysed by academics on its positions regarding various issues. Those positions are summarised in this article. That article characterizes the group as a three-quarter male group that, prior to ED's departure, was only 80% cohesive and split between centre-right Europhiles (the larger EPP subgroup) and right-wing Eurosceptics (the smaller ED subgroup). That article characterized the group as a whole as ambiguous on hypothetical EU taxes, against taxation, Green issues, social liberal issues (LGBT rights, abortion, euthanasia) and full Turkish accession to the European Union, and for a deeper Federal Europe, deregulation, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and controlling migration into the EU.

See also

References

[1]
Citation Linkweb.archive.org"Democracy in the European Parliament" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-01. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[2]
Citation Linkwww.kas.de"Political Groups of the European Parliament". Kas.de. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[3]
Citation Linkweb.archive.org"EPP-ED on Europe Politique". Europe-politique.eu. Archived from the original on 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[4]
Citation Linkweb.archive.org"Political Groups Annual Accounts 2001-2006". Europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[5]
Citation Linkwww.europarl.europa.euEuropean Parliament archive entry for Hans-Gert Pöttering (incl. Membership)
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[6]
Citation Linkwww.europarl.europa.euEuropean Parliament archive entry for Joseph Daul (incl. Membership)
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[7]
Citation Linkelection-results.eu[1]
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[8]
Citation Linkarchive.wikiwix.com"Group names 1999". Europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[9]
Citation Linkwww.europarl.europa.euEuropean Parliament archive entry for Egon Klepsch (incl. Membership)
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[10]
Citation Linkweb.archive.orgNordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 2017-06-08. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[11]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comSlomp, Hans (26 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[12]
Citation Linkweb.archive.org"EPP-ED Chronology 02". Epp-ed.eu. Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[13]
Citation Linkweb.archive.org"Weber elected new EPP leader". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[14]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comAndreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-253-00164-1. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[15]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comRobert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making Before and After Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[16]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comSenem Aydin-Düzgit (2012). Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-137-28351-1.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[17]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comTapio Raunio (2012). "Political Interests: the European Parliament's Party Groups". In John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (eds.). The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-19-957498-8. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[18]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comLluís Maria de Puig (2008). International Parliaments. Council of Europe. p. 61. ISBN 978-92-871-6450-6. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[19]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comLori Thorlakson (2013). "Federalism and the European party system". In Alexander H. Trechsel (ed.). Towards a Federal Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-317-99818-1.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM
[20]
Citation Linkweb.archive.org"Composition of the Common Assembly (10-13 September 1952)". Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
Sep 24, 2019, 5:14 AM