Carrefour S.A. (French pronunciation: ​[kaʁfuʁ]) is a French multinational corporation.

The first Carrefour shop (not a hypermarket) opened in 1960, within suburban Annecy, near a crossroads. The group was created in 1958 by Marcel Fournier, Denis Defforey and Jacques Defforey,^[2] who attended and were influenced by several seminars in the United States led by "the Pope of retail" Bernardo Trujillo.

The Carrefour group was the first in Europe to open a hypermarket, a large supermarket, and a department store under the same roof. They opened their first hypermarket on 15 June 1963 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, near Paris.^[3]

In April 1976, Carrefour launched a private label Produits libres (free products – libre meaning free in the sense of liberty as opposed to gratis) line of fifty foodstuffs, including oil, biscuits (crackers and cookies), milk, and pasta, sold in unbranded white packages at substantially lower prices.

In 1999, it merged with Promodès, known as Continent, one of its major competitors in the French market.

In September 2009, Carrefour updated its logo.^[4]

In May 2011, Carrefour reviewed its business situation under conditions of stagnant growth and increasing competition in France from rivals including Casino Guichard-Perrachon SA, and decided to invest €1.5 billion ($2.1 billion) to introduce the supermarket concept of Carrefour Planet in Western Europe.

In April 2015, Brazilian businessman Abílio Diniz revealed he was in talks to raise his 5.07 percent stake in Carrefour and has the support of shareholders to take a board seat.^[5]

On 9 June 2017, the Board of Directors chose Alexandre Bompard as the new Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Carrefour with effect as of 18 July 2017.^[6]

In 2017, Carrefour began working with a small French start-up, Expliceat, on a trial basis.^[7] Expliceat built a commercial mill that is designed to crumb down leftover bread. It rents the mill to commercial bakeries and then uses the crumb to bake cookies, muffins and pancakes.

In January 2018, Alexandre Bompard announced a strategic plan for the company, entitled "Carrefour 2022", that seeks to make Carrefour the "leader of the food transition for all". The plan includes measures for better food and package sustainability, limitation of food waste, development of organic products, e-commerce partnerships, and two billion euros in annual investments from 2018 as well as organisational and cost reduction measures.^[8][9]

The head office of the Groupe Carrefour is in Boulogne Billancourt in the Paris metropolitan area. Carrefour leased space in the 9,257 square metres (99,640 sq ft) Gecina building at 36 avenue Émile Zola effective 1 December 2010. The complex has 208 parking spaces and has an aluminium facade. E. Naud and L. Poulx designed the building.^[11]

The chain's Carrefour Hypermarket division has its head office in Courcouronnes, Essonne, France, near Évry.^[12]

Majid Al Futtaim who introduced Carrefour to the Middle East, Africa and Asia also opened a franchise owned branch in the Bahrain City Centre in 2008.

In 2007, expansion accelerated outside France, particularly in Asia, with the building of 36 new hypermarkets, including 22 in China – where the Group broke its record for store openings in a one-year period. It was the leading foreign retailer in terms of sales figures, until 2008 and has since lost its No. 1 position to RT-Mart. A selection of Carrefour products are sold in Hong Kong via Wellcome and its sister Market Place by Jasons.

Carrefour operates cash and carry stores in India under the name "Carrefour Wholesale Cash&Carry". The first store opened on 30 December 2010 in Shahdara, Delhi.^[13] This was followed by a store in Jaipur in late 2011 and one in Meerut in October 2012, Agra in December 2013.

Prior to September 2012, India's foreign direct investment (FDI) policy did not allow foreign companies to open multi-brand retail stores in the country. However, 100% FDI in cash-and-carry has been permitted since 1997. As a result, most global retailers, including Carrefour, opted for the cash-and-carry route in India. A new FDI policy, allowing up to 51% FDI in multi-brand retail, came into effect on 20 September 2012.^[14][15]

On 8 July 2014, Carrefour announced that it will shut down its Indian operations and close its five wholesale stores by the end of September.^[16]

The first Carrefour branch in Indonesia opened in October 1998 in Cempaka Putih region of Jakarta, following the end of 1997 Asian financial crisis and the subsequent fall of Suharto. Carrefour Indonesia is currently managed by CT Corp and its shares are owned by Chairul Tandjung. CT Corp also developed Transmart, a subsidiary of CT Corp operated by Carrefour Indonesia and named after CT Corp's television networks, and it also developed Groserindo, a grocery store also operated by mostly Carrefour.^[17][18] CT Corp announced that it will replace all Carrefour branches with Transmart brand as its license expires in 2019.^[19]

In February 2009, MAF opened its first store in Iran, called HyperStar^[20] in Western region of Tehran. It opened its second store in Iran in April 2012. This store located in Persian Gulf Complex. It opened the third store in Isfahan located in Isfahan City Center in 2012. Three other stores are to be opened in Eastern region of Tehran, Mashhad and Tabriz.

Majid al Futtaim opened the first Carrefour in Erbil in 2011.

Carrefour is very popular in Jordan, with tens of locations dotting the capital and the suburbs; the largest and most frequented would be Carrefour: City Mall in the suburb of Dabuk.^[21] Another multi-story complex is about to open near the Sixth Circle. Carrefour Express are smaller sized stores that operate inside smaller shopping areas, best known is Carrefour Express: Swéfiéh Avenue, inside the Avenue Mall in Swéfiéh.

In March 2007, Carrefour opened a store in Kuwait in the Avenues mall.

On 4 April 2013, Majid al Futtaim inaugurated a Carrefour hypermarket at their City Centre Beirut mall, in the Hazmiyeh suburb of Beirut. In September 2017, a second Carrefour outlet opened at the CityMall Dora, replacing a venue formerly held by a Monop' hypermarket.^[22] In June 2018, a third outlet opened at the Tower Center mall in Zouk Mosbeh.^[23] In February 2019, a fourth Carrefour, and the first supermarket format venue, opened within the Aley District. The fourth Carrefour is considered a major step for the company's expansion in Lebanon.^[24]

In Oman, Carrefour opened a store in 2001 on the outskirts of the city of Muscat. And in 2008, another branch opened in Qurum. In May 2011 Carrefour opened a store in Sohar. The fourth Carrefour opened in March 2012 at Muscat Grand Mall. The fifth branch opened in Salalah on 24 May 2013. It has officially been confirmed this as the biggest Carrefour in Oman.

Carrefour opened up its first store in Lahore, Pakistan in a joint venture with MAF in 2009 under the name of Hyperstar, and a second store in Karachi in 2011. Hyperstar has 7 stores in total that is 3 in Lahore, 2 in Karachi and 1 in Islamabad. In 2019 Carrefour was opened in Faisalabad.

Carrefour has 18 ^[88] franchise operated hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia, with 7 of them being in the capital Riyadh itself.

Carrefour also operates in the United Arab Emirates and Jordan in a joint venture with Majid al Futtaim.^[21]

In 1999 Carrefour's Japanese subsidiary, Carrefour Japan Co. Ltd., opened.^[25] The first Carrefour in Japan opened in a suburb of Tokyo in December 2000. In January and February 2001 new Carrefour stores opened in Tokyo and Osaka. Sales were initially strong, but Miki Tanikawa of The New York Times wrote that "But now, 10 months later, there is barely a line for most of the day at cash registers of most Carrefour stores here. Lengthy aisles of goods ranging from clothes to bicycles are mostly empty. "^[26] On 10 March 2005, the subsidiary's name changed to AEON Marche´ Co., Ltd. after Aeon purchased the Carrefour Japanese division.^[25] The stores were still operated in the Carrefour name until 31 March 2010, when the license expired.^[27]

In 1989, Carrefour became the first international retailer to establish a presence in Asia when it entered Taiwan through a joint venture with Uni President Enterprises Corporation. It leveraged the experience it gathered in Taiwan to expand into other Asian markets.

Carrefour entered the Korean market in 1996 with their first store in Bucheon and operated thirty-two stores across the country at its peak in its final year of 2006. Carrefour was confident they would dominate the market, and by 1999 invested a total of 925 million US Dollars into the Korean venture- more than any other foreign companies in the Korean market at that time.

Carrefour Korea enjoyed mediate success in the beginning, gaining traction for unseen low prices and standing above its competitors. But the rise quickly ended when the Asian Financial Crisis struck South Korea in late 1997, and as Carrefour was exposed smuggling real estate in South Korea to international recipients, their reputation suffered a blow and alongside the reluctance of people spending in the midst of the financial crisis, boycotts ensued, beginning Carrefour's eventual demise.

Complaints of Carrefour Korea's poor service quality grew, citing pushing produces unfit for the Korean market and significantly soured relationship between the executives and the labor unions. With the company's attitude becoming reckless to its clients and suppliers, clients would boycott again while suppliers began refusing association with Carrefour Korea. With the company stained with controversial negativity, Carrefour Korea sold all their stores to E-Land and exited the Korean market on April 2006. Shortly after, E-Land sold their supermarket asset to Homeplus, who is recognized as Carrefour Korea's soul successor.^[28]

In November 2011, Carrefour opened its first store in Albania as part of TEG Shopping Center (Tirana East Gate) with the same rights as in the European Union and throughout the rest of Europe. Carrefour is integrated in the new shopping center in the same format as in other countries extending into a space of about 7000 square meters. Carrefour will have a policy of supplying imported products while promoting Albanian products, particularly agro-industrial ones.

In 1976 Carrefour opened a store in the Shopping City Süd at the southern edge of Vienna. Due to limited success the store closed soon after. Carrefour has not made any other attempt at entering the Austrian market thereafter.

Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Armenia at Yerevan Mall on 11 March 2015, occupying approximately 10000 square meters. A second Carrefour branch was opened on Tigran Mets Avenue in October 2018, but in a medium-sized supermarket layout.

Carrefour starts its internationalization and that's how the group is established in 1969 in Belgium with a strategic alliance with GB Group. Between 1970 and 2000 several formats work with multiple brands and names Carrefour GB, but only until 2000, the Carrefour Group takes over GB. So officially born Carrefour Belgium, but keep some formats GB, only until 2007 becomes official unification of its various formats and being in operation Carrefour and Carrefour Express GB. In May 2008, starts EcoPlanet Carrefour, also starts selling gas and green energy in the whole of Belgium. In 2009, the formats are established Carrefour Hyper, GB Carrefour, Carrefour Market and Carrefour Express. Furthermore, launches online shopping, In February 2010 Carrefour announced the elimination of 1,672 jobs and the closure of 21 stores and the possibility of acquisition of 20 stores by the group Mestdagh.

From 2009 to 2011 in Bulgaria were opened eight locations (five hypermarkets and three supermarkets) in Sofia, Plovdiv, Pleven, Varna, Burgas and Ruse.

In 2010, Carrefour and Marinopoulos Group, the largest group of retail in Greece, established a franchise company MSC Bulgaria to develop hypermarkets and supermarkets under the Carrefour banner within Southeastern Europe. In June 2016 the owner of the franchise for Bulgaria declared bankruptcy and the stores were closed.

Carrefour operates two hypermarkets and ten Carrefour markets in Georgia. It opened its first hypermarket in Georgia at Tbilisi Mall on 13 September 2012, occupying approximately 12,000 sq m. The first market was opened at Karvasla Malon 16 September 2013. In 2014, the second Carrefour market was opened at Shopping Mall GTC on Orbeliani Square. On 10 November 2015, Carrefour opened its second hypermarket at East Point shopping mall near Kakheti Highway at 2 Aleksandre Tvalchrelidze Street. Shortly after the opening, Carrefour opened its third market in Isani district of Tbilisi at 8a Navtlughi Street. In 2016, Carrefour opened its fourth Market in City Mall Gldani at 1 Khizanishvili Street. The latest markets were opened in Saburtalo, Vake, Gldani and Vazisubani neighborhoods of Tbilisi and one - in Batumi.

Carrefour used to operate multiple supermarkets and hypermarkets all over Greece, since 2000, with Marinopoulos, till the disbandment of the Marinopoulos supermarket chain in March 1, 2017. Carrefour withdrawed their group-help with Marinopoulos, and now most Carrefour-Marinopoulos supermarkets have been sold to the supermarket chain Sklavenitis.

In October 2012, Carrefour opened its first store in Skopje. The store is part of a brand new shopping mall (City Mall) that opened the same day in Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, and by the end of summer 2014 there were plans to open the second store in Tetovo, a city located not too far from Skopje. Carrefour ended up closing because of debt ^[89] .

In 1997, Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Poland.^[29]

In Portugal, Carrefour retail sold their stake in Continente Modelo to Sonae for €345 million on 16 November 2004.^[30]

In 2008, Carrefour sold its Portuguese retail ventures existing under the Carrefour ensign to Sonae.

In 2001, Carrefour entered the Romanian market, expanded into 33 stores. It is one of the top retailers in Romania.^[31]

Spain is the 3rd most important market for Carrefour after France and Brazil. Carrefour has 173 hypermarkets in Spain and there are more hypermarkets under construction or planned.^[32] Its rivals in Spain are: Mercadona, Eroski and Alcampo.

Carrefour also operates in Turkey in a joint venture with Sabancı Group under the name CarrefourSA.^[33]

Carrefour opened the first of several hypermarkets in the UK in the 1970s and kept them open until the 1980s. Telford in Shropshire becoming one of the biggest in the late 70's. The Dee Corporation bought the stores, which went on trading as Carrefour before becoming branches of the now-defunct Gateway supermarket chain, with some becoming branches of Asda - one such was the Merry Hill branch near Dudley, West Midlands, which opened on 1 July 1986 but became a Gateway branch in 1988 and an Asda in 1990.^[34]

Since July 2011, online supermarket Ocado has sold a range of Carrefour's products in the UK.^[35]

As of October 2016 in Kenya, East Africa's largest economy, Carrefour opened its first outlet at the Two Rivers Mall. It is the largest mall in Sub-Sahara Africa with Carrefour as its anchor tenant.^[36] The Hub - Karen, a newly opened shopping mall in the Nairobi suburb of Karen also hosts a Carrefour outlet that opened its doors in May 2016.^[37] Recently Carrefour added another store at Thika Road mall(TRM) They occupied the space previously occupied by Nakumatt,which recently closed down. The new branch was opened on Tuesday 14 November 2017.^[38] A fourth outlet was opened up at the Junction Mall along Ngong road, Nairobi, at the beginning of 2018.^[39]

Carrefour (Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [kɑɾˈfuːɾ]) has 35 outlets under franchise in Egypt, which are often situated in shopping malls and frequented by the Egyptian upper class. The location in Alexandria was severely looted during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Another 8 outlets or more are coming in 2012/2013. Opened Hyper Markets: (Maadi City Center, Dandy Mega Mall, Sun City Mall, Obour Golf City Mall, Alex City Center, Cairo Festival City, Sky Plaza (El-Shorouk City), Mall of Egypt). Opened Express Markets: (Maadi, Tiba Outlet Mall, Sharm-El-Sheik, Green Plaza Mall, Down Town Mall).

Carrefour has 10 hypermarkets in Morocco, with the most being located in and around the Casablanca metropolitan area. Carrefour Maroc is a partner of Label'vie, a Moroccan supermarket chain. All the Label'Vie stores are transformed into Carrefour Markets. There are 30 of them widely spread around the kingdom. Carrefour is still expanding its presence in Morocco by opening more supermarkets and hypermarkets to face the settled competition like the Moroccan hypermarket chain Marjane.

Carrefour has 2 hypermarkets and 70 outlets under franchise in Tunisia.

Carrefour Brasil (which is the biggest market outside France) was founded in 1975 and today it is the second major supermarkets chain in Brazil under competition with Groupe Casino, Walmart and others, and currently it sells more than 25 million products per year.

In 2006, Carrefour sold all 16 stores in Korea to E-Land and exited Korea. In the same year it also sold all 11 Czech stores to Tesco in exchange for 6 stores and two shopping centers in Taiwan, plus €57.5 million. In 2010, Carrefour announced a decision to leave Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. In November 2010, Carrefour sold its Thailand operations and kept its Malaysian and Singaporean stores. Carrefour had already exited Singapore's market since 30 September 2012.^[40] On 31 October 2012, Aeon Co. Ltd bought over Carrefour Malaysia and its subsidiaries for €147 million and being rebranded as Aeon Big.^[41] All former Carrefour stores in Malaysia are rebranded as *AEON BIG ^[90] *, and will be run as a separate brand from the existing AEON stores in the country.^[42] All stores have fully completed the process of rebranding.

The stores in Iran is operated by MAF under the name of Hyperstar.

Carrefour has left Algeria in 2009, and opened in Morocco. *37 Carrefour Market and 32 Carrefour Express, which are smaller supermarkets.^[57]

On 15 October 2009, Carrefour announced plans to sell its Russian business, citing "absence of sufficient organic growth and acquisition opportunities".^[59]

Carrefour, Atacadão,^[62]

Carrefour Bairro, Carrefour Market^[62] (Formerly Champion as of 2008), Champion Mapinomovaoe, Globi, Carrefour GB, GS, Carrefour Mini, Gima, Supeco^[63]

Carrefour Express,^[62] Carrefour City,^[62] Carrefour Contact(fr),^[62] Carrefour Montagne(fr), 5 minutes, 8 à Huit, Marché Plus,^[64] Proxi (supermarket)(fr), Sherpa(fr), Dìperdì, Smile Market, Express, Shopi (supermarket)(fr)

Promocash, Docks Market, Gross IPer

The Carrefour Foundation (Fondation d'Enterprise Carrefour) is a philanthropic fund created by Carrefour in 2000 to support social welfare programmes 'linked to [its] core business as a retailer' in countries the company operates and in countries where its suppliers are located.^[65]

On 1 May 2007, more than 30 employees of the now closed Carrefour Ratu Plaza, Jakarta, Indonesia, were taken to the Central Pertamina Hospital (Rumah Sakit Pusat Pertamina), after being affected by CO2. The hypermarket was located on the mall's basement, which offered insufficient ventilation.^[66]

On 26 June 2007, the company was convicted in a French court for false advertising. The suit alleged that Carrefour regularly stocked insufficient quantities of advertised products for sale. In addition, the company was convicted of selling products below cost and accepting kickbacks from wholesalers. Carrefour was ordered to pay a fine of €2 million and to prominently and legibly display a notice in all of its French stores disclosing the false advertising.^[67]

In Carrefour Mangga Dua Square, Jakarta, Indonesia, a 5-metre high metal rack fell on top of a 3-year-old boy, killing him almost instantly due to internal bleeding.^[68] Afterwards, the victim's family claimed that Carrefour has refused to meet with them to settle the case.^[69] However, Carrefour Corporate Affairs Officer denied this allegation.^[70]

Carrefour has also received criticism for engaging in sweatshop practices.^[71]

On 7 May 2009, the French government asked a tribunal to fine Carrefour some €220,000 for more than 2,500 violations. Meat products lacked proper tracking information (more than 25% of inventory at some locations), and some products had incorrect labels – such as meat products that "shrank" in weight by 15% after receiving labels. The chain sold products that had long since passed their expiration dates, including, in one case, packs of baby formula that had expired six months earlier. Some 1,625 frozen and refrigerated products were found that had been stored in warehouses at ambient temperature.^[72]

In April 2008, after the 2008 Olympic torch relay was disrupted by Tibetan independence movement advocates in London and especially Paris, where some protesters attempted to wrest control of the torch from torch bearers, Chinese activists have promoted boycotting Carrefour because of its French roots.^[73] The boycott of Carrefour in particular was further fueled by unsubstantiated rumours that a major shareholder, Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton, had donated to the Dalai Lama. In its response, Carrefour China stated that it does support the Beijing Olympics; and that they will never do anything to harm the feelings of the Chinese people.^[74] Protests occurred in and around a number of Carrefour outlets throughout China, and anti-Carrefour advocates campaigned for a one-day boycott of Carrefour on May Day, a public holiday in China.

As a result of the boycott, Chinese search engines Baidu.com.cn and sina.com blocked access to Carrefour's website in China for a short time. Users searching Carrefour in China, were sent an error page indicating "The search result may contain illegal content, so we can not display the result." in Chinese.^[75]

On 24 April 2013, the eight-story Rana Plaza commercial building collapsed in Savar, a sub-district near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured.^[76] The factory housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, and a bank^[77] and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group, Joe Fresh,^[78] The Children's Place, Primark, Monsoon, and DressBarn.^[79][80] Of the 29 brands identified as having sourced products from the Rana Plaza factories, only 9 attended meetings held in November 2013 to agree a proposal on compensation to the victims. Several companies refused to sign including Walmart, Carrefour, Bonmarché, Mango, Auchan and Kik. The agreement was signed by Primark, Loblaw, Bonmarche and El Corte Ingles.^[81]

In 2014, the Guardian reported, that Carrefour is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. During a six-month investigation The Guardian traced the entire supply chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers.^[82]