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BINAC

BINAC

BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) was an early electronic computer designed for Northrop Aircraft Company by the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in 1949.[1][2] Eckert and Mauchly, though they had started the design of EDVAC at the University of Pennsylvania, chose to leave and start EMCC, the first computer company. BINAC was their first product, the first stored-program computer in the United States; the BINAC is also sometimes wrongly claimed to be the world's first commercial digital computer [3][4] even though it was very limited in scope, never fully functional and always economically unviable.

Architecture

The BINAC was an advanced bit-serial binary computer with two independent CPUs, each with its own 512-word acoustic mercury delay line memory. The CPUs continuously compared results to check for errors caused by hardware failures. It used approximately 700 vacuum tubes. The 512-word acoustic mercury delay line memories were divided into 16 channels each holding 32 words of 31 bits, with an additional 11-bit space between words to allow for circuit delays in switching. The clock rate was 4.25 MHz (1 MHz according to one source) which yielded a word time of about 10 microseconds. The addition time was 800 microseconds and the multiplication time was 1200 microseconds. Programs or data were entered manually in octal using an eight-key keypad or were loaded from magnetic tape.[2][5] BINAC was significant for being able to perform high-speed arithmetic on binary numbers, with no provisions to store characters or decimal digits.

Customer acceptance

The BINAC ran a test program (consisting of 23 instructions) in March 1949, although it was not fully functional at the time. Here are early test programs that BINAC ran:

  • February 7, 1949 - Ran a five-line program to fill the memory from register A.

  • February 10, 1949 - Ran a five-line program to check memory.

  • February 16, 1949 - Ran a six-line program to fill memory.

  • March 7, 1949 - Ran 217 iterations of a 23-line program to compute squares. It was still running correctly when it stopped.

  • April 4, 1949 - Ran a fifty-line program to fill memory and check all instructions. It ran for 2.5 hours before encountering an error. Shortly after that it ran for 31.5 hours without error.

Northrop accepted delivery[6][7] of BINAC in September 1949. Northrop employees said that BINAC never worked properly after it was delivered, although it had worked at the Eckert-Mauchly workshop. It was able to run some small programs but did not work well enough to be used as a production machine. Northrop attributed the failures to it not being properly packed for shipping when Northrop picked it up; EMCC said that the problems were due to errors in re-assembly of the machine after shipping. (Northrop, citing security considerations, refused to allow EMCC technicians near the machine after shipping, instead hiring a newly graduated engineering student to re-assemble it. EMCC said that the fact that it worked at all after this was testimony to the engineering quality of the machine.)

First computer user manual

Previous computers were the darlings of university departments of engineering. The users knew the machines well. The BINAC was going to go to an end user, and so a user manual was needed. Automobile "users" were quite accustomed in those days to doing significant servicing of their vehicles, and "user manuals" existed to help them. The BINAC manual writers took inspiration from those manuals when writing the user manual for the BINAC.[5]

See also

  • List of vacuum tube computers

  • Short Code

References

[1]
Citation Linkwww.dtic.mil"9. The Binac". Digital Computer Newsletter. 1 (2): 4. 1949-09-01.
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[2]
Citation Linkportal.issn.org"Automatic Computing Machinery: News - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation". Mathematics of Computation. 4 (29): 48–49. January 1950. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-50-99480-4. ISSN 0025-5718.
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[3]
Citation Linkhistoryofinformation.comNorman, Jeremy, Innovative Aspects of the BINAC, the First Electronic Computer Ever Sold, HistoryofInformation.com, retrieved 8 October 2016
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[4]
Citation Linkportal.issn.orgStern, Nancy (July 1979). "The BINAC:A case study in the history of technology". Annals of the History of Computing. Arlington, VA: American Federation of Information Processing Societies. 1 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1109/mahc.1979.10005. ISSN 1058-6180.
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[5]
Citation Linkwww.computerhistory.org"The Binac: A Product of the Eckert-Mauchley Computer Corp. | 102646200 | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[6]
Citation Link//hdl.handle.net/1721.3%2F38941Adams, C. W.; Israel, D. R. (1950-04-06). John W. Mauchly. "Applications of BINAC". Conference on Automatic Computing Machinery, Rutgers University, March 28–29, 1950: 7. hdl:1721.3/38941.
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[7]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comNorberg, Arthur Lawrence (2005). Computers and Commerce: A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957. Poisson equations test results. MIT Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780262140904.
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[8]
Citation Linkbooks.google.comBeyond the Limits: Flight enters the computer age
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[9]
Citation Linkpurl.umn.eduOral history interview with Isaac Levin Auerbach
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[10]
Citation Linkweb.archive.orgUNIVAC 1: The First Mass-Produced Computer - Unisys History Newsletter, Volume 5, Number 1
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[11]
Citation Linkweb.archive.orgRoger Mills' Description of the BINAC
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[12]
Citation Linkmoby.toPicture of BINAC history sign in Northeast Philadelphia
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[13]
Citation Linkwww.dtic.mil"9. The Binac"
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[14]
Citation Linkdoi.org10.1090/S0025-5718-50-99480-4
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[15]
Citation Linkwww.worldcat.org0025-5718
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[16]
Citation Linkhistoryofinformation.comInnovative Aspects of the BINAC, the First Electronic Computer Ever Sold
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[17]
Citation Linkdoi.org10.1109/mahc.1979.10005
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[18]
Citation Linkwww.worldcat.org1058-6180
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[19]
Citation Linkwww.computerhistory.org"The Binac: A Product of the Eckert-Mauchley Computer Corp. | 102646200 | Computer History Museum"
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM
[20]
Citation Linkhdl.handle.net1721.3/38941
Sep 24, 2019, 8:14 PM